<p>Talgje  is a populated island in southwestern Finnøy municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 4.1 km&sup2; island is located in the Talgjefjorden and Brimsefjorden, both arms off of the main Boknafjorden in a large archipelago of islands northeast of the city of Stavanger. It is surrounded by islands: Brimse to the south, Rennesøy to the west, Finnøy to the north, and Fogn to the northeast. The island has a lot of agricultural uses, especially in growing tomatoes.</p><br>
<p>The island has a long history. The farm that today is known as Gard was once the seat of major clans that controlled the western part of Norway. Gaute Erlingson was a nobleman from the 1200s who lived here. Talgje Church dating from around the year 1100 is located here.</p><br>
<p>The Talgjefjord Tunnel connects the island to the larger island of Rennesøy which in turn is connected to the mainland through a series of tunnels and bridges. There are also ferries that run from eastern Talgje to the island of Fogn and to the village of Tau on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>There are actually two islands in Finnøy municipality by the name Talgje. The other Talgje is part of the Sjernarøyane island group to the north. To disambiguate from this island from the other island by the same name, this island is sometimes referred to as Sør-Talgje (South Talgje) whereas the other one is called Nord-Talgje (North Talgje).</p><br>
<p>The Berezayka  is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia. It is left tributary of the Msta River and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 150 km long, and the area of its drainage basin is 3,230 km&sup2;. The principal tributary of the Berezayka is the Valdayka River .</p><br>
<p>The course of Berezayka lies in the Valdai Hills. The source of the river is in Lake Berezay. The Berezayka flows north, empties into Lake Kholmskoye, and flows out of this lake to the east. It enters Tver Oblast, flows through a number of lakes, and turns north. It flows through the southeastern part of Lake Piros and turns east. The mouth of the Berezayka is at the village of Berezovsky Ryadok.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Berezayka includes the major parts of Valdaysky and Bologovsky Districts, as well as minor areas at Okulovsky and Borovichsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and the urban-type settlement of Ozyorny in Tver Oblast. The towns of Bologoye and Valday lie in the basin of the Berezayka. The basin also includes many lakes of the Valdai Hills, the biggest of which are Lake Valdayskoye, Lake Kaftino, and Lake Piros.</p><br>
<p>The Berezayka is a popular rafting route.</p><br>
<p>Ouvéa Island or Uvea Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune  of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The crescent-shaped island, which belongs to a larger atoll, is 50 km long and 7 km wide. It lies north east of Grande Terre, New Caledonia&#39;s mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Ouvéa is home to around 3,000 people who are organized into tribes divided into Polynesian, Melanesian and Walisian by ethnic descent. The Iaai language is spoken on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Ouvéa has rich marine resources and is home to many sea turtles, species of fish, coral as well as a native parrot, the Uvea parakeet, that can only be found on the island of Ouvéa.</p><br>
<p>A large crustacean called the coconut crab or crabe de cocotier can also be found on the islands. The large blue crabs live in palm tree plantations and can grow to several kilos in size. They are a land based species and do not venture into the ocean.</p><br>
<p>Ouvéa is also home to trophy bonefish that inhabit the nutrient rich "flats" of the atoll.</p><br>
<p>Krøderen  is a lake in the municipality of Krødsherad in Buskerud, Norway.</p><br>
<h2>Summary</h2><br>
<p>The lake stretches about 41 km north from the village of Krøderen in Krødsherad on its southern end and reaches north to the village of Gulsvik in Flå municipality in the valley of Hallingdal. The lake has a surface area of 42.88 km² and a depth of 119 meters. The primary river flowing into it is Hallingdalselva to the north. Its outlet is via the Snarumselva at the south end of the lake. Snarumselva flows into the Drammen River by Geithus in Modum.</p><br>
<p>At Noresund, along Norwegian National Road 7 (Rv7), there is a bridge over the lake. Krøderen is only about 200 m wide at a point.</p><br>
<p>Sole Hotel (Sole Hotell Krødsherad) is located along the national road between Krøderfjorden and Norefjell. Sole Hotel was originally a former doctors home dating back to the beginning of the 1900s. In 1966, the facility opened as Norways first conference hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse form of the name must have been *Krœðir. This name is probably derived from the verb kryda stream/press together related to Old English crudan to press, push. In that case the name is probably referring to the narrow strait of Noresund.</p><br>
<p>Callan River is a river in County Armagh, Northern Ireland which joins the River Blackwater 1.6 km upstream from Bond&#39;s Bridge. It is navigable by dinghy or canoe for 2 km to Fairlawn Bridge. It flows in a generally northerly direction from Tullnawood lake, past Darkley, passing within a few miles of Keady town, through Tassagh and on to Armagh. The Callan River, flowing by the city of Armagh, and the Tall River, running by Richhill, join together, and the united steam enters the Blackwater one mile below Charlemont</p><br>
<p>The area upstream of Armagh has many former linen mills that were built to use the waterpower of the river. There is also a viaduct at Tassagh that once carried the railway line from Armagh to Keady.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Niall Caille Mac Aedo (791-846) was King of Ireland and defeated the Danes at Derry in 833 and at Lough Swilly in 843. He drowned in the River Callan, near Armagh.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Triangle  is one of Asia&#39;s two main opium-producing areas. It is an area of approximately 367,000 square miles that overlaps the mountains of three countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Laos and Thailand.</p><br>
<p>Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent, it has been one of the most extensive opium-producing areas of Asia, and of the world, since the 1950s. Most of the worlds heroin came from the Golden Triangle until the early 21st century when Afghanistan became the worlds largest producer.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Triangle designates the confluence of the Ruak River and the Mekong River, since the term has been appropriated by the Thai tourist industry to describe the nearby border tripoint of Thailand, Laos and Myanmar.</p><br>
<h2>Production</h2><br>
<p>Myanmar is the world&#39;s second largest producer of illicit opium, after Afghanistan</p><br>
<p>The surrender of drug warlord Khun Sa&#39;s Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Yangon as a major counter-narcotics success. Lack of government will and ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall anti-drug effort. Most of the tribespeople growing the opium poppy in Myanmar and in the Thai highlands are living below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the United States Embassy in Rangoon released a "Country Commercial Guide", which states "Exports of opiates alone appear to be worth about as much as all legal exports." It goes on to say that investments in infrastructure and hotels are coming from major opiate-growing and opiate-exporting organizations and from those with close ties to these organizations.</p><br>
<p>A four-year investigation concluded that Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) was "the main channel for laundering the revenues of heroin produced and exported under the control of the Myanmar Army." In a business deal signed with the French oil giant Total in 1992, and later joined by Unocal, MOGE received a payment of $15 million. "Despite the fact that MOGE has no assets besides the limited installments of its foreign partners and makes no profit, and that the Myanmar state never had the capacity to allocate any currency credit to MOGE, the Singapore bank accounts of this company have seen the transfer of hundreds of millions of US dollars," reports François Casanier. According to a confidential MOGE file reviewed by the investigators, funds exceeding $60 million and originating from Myanmar&#39;s most renowned drug lord, Khun Sa, were channeled through the company. "Drug money is irrigating every economic activity in Myanmar, and big foreign partners are also seen by the SLORC as big shields for money laundering."</p><br>
<p>The main player in the countrys drug market is the United Wa State Army, ethnic fighters who control areas along the countrys eastern border with Thailand, part of the infamous Golden Triangle. The UWSA, an ally of Myanmar&#39;s ruling military junta, was once the militant arm of the Beijing-backed Burmese Communist Party.</p><br>
<p>Poppy cultivation in the country decreased more than 80 percent from 1998 to 2006 following an eradication campaign in the Golden Triangle. Officials with the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime say opium poppy farming is now expanding. The number of hectares used to grow the crops increased 29% in 2007. A United Nations report cites corruption, poverty and a lack of government control as causes for the jump.</p><br>
<h2>Trafficking</h2><br>
<p>Opium and heroin base produced in northeastern Myanmar are transported by horse and donkey caravans to refineries along the Thailand–Burma border for conversion to heroin and heroin base. Most of the finished products are shipped across the border into various towns in North Thailand and down to Bangkok for further distribution to international markets.</p><br>
<p>In the past major Thai Chinese and Burmese Chinese traffickers in Bangkok have controlled much of the foreign sales and movement of Southeast Asian heroin from Thailand, but a combination of law enforcement pressure, publicity and a regional drought has significantly reduced their role. As a consequence, many less-predominant traffickers in Bangkok and other parts of Thailand now control smaller quantities of the heroin going to international markets.</p><br>
<p>Heroin from Southeast Asia is most frequently brought to the United States by couriers, typically Thai and USA nationals, travelling on commercial airlines. California and Hawaii are the primary USA entry points for Golden Triangle heroin, but small percentages of the drug are trafficked into New York City and Washington, D.C. While Southeast Asian groups have had success in trafficking heroin to the United States, they initially had difficulty arranging street level distribution. However, with the incarceration of Asian traffickers in American prisons during the 1970s, contacts between Asian and American prisoners developed. These contacts have allowed Southeast Asian traffickers access to gangs and organizations distributing heroin at the retail level.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, the production has shifted to Yaba and other forms of methamphetamine, including for export to the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese Muslim Panthay are the same ethnic group as the Muslims among the Chinese Chin Haw. Both are descendants of Chinese Hui Muslim immigrants from Yunnan province in China. They often work with each other in the Golden Triangle Drug Trade. Both Chinese Muslim and non-Muslim Jeen Haw and Panthay are known to be members of Triad secret societies, working with other Chinese groups in Thailand like the TeoChiew and Hakka and the 14K Triad. They engaged in the heroin trade. Ma Hseuh-fu, from Yunnan province, was one of the most prominent Jeen Haw heroin drug lords.</p><br>
<p>A Panthay from Burma, Ma Zhengwen, assisted the Han Chinese drug lord Khun Sa in selling his heroin in north Thailand. The Panthay monopolized opium trafficking in Burma. They also created secret drug routes to reach the international market with contacts to smuggle drugs from Burma via south China.</p><br>
<p>Ard Crags is a fell in the Lake District in Cumbria, England, it is situated in the Newlands Valley just off the minor road between Keswick and Buttermere. The Ordnance Survey officially records the fell&#39;s altitude at 581 metres , considerably more than the approximate 1,860 feet that Alfred Wainwright attributed to it in his Pictorial Guide to the North Western Fells, published in 1964 well before the advent of satellite mapping. Ard Crags is situated close to other higher fells such as Causey Pike and Eel Crag and can be easily overlooked. However, viewed from certain points in the Rigg Beck or Newlands valley area it presents a clearly defined and pyramidal shape which catches the eye.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A long high ridge sweeps east from Whiteless Pike, via Wandope, Crag Hill, Sail (Lake District) and Causey Pike, crossing from Buttermere to Stair. Running parallel to the south is a lower ridge, a tenuous connection made centrally at Sail. This lower ridge consists of Knott Rigg and Ard Crags, and has a beautiful narrow and airy character. Ard Crags forms the eastern half of the ridge, rising between Keskadale and the side valley of Rigg Beck. It is sometimes referred to as Aikin Knott, the name of the rash of rock on the nose of the ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Ard Crags ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is linked by a ridge to another “Wainwright” fell, Knott Rigg and most walkers will climb both hills together in the same walk. There are two possible starting points, one is at Rigg Beck in Newlands, near the site of the eccentrically painted “purple house” which was destroyed by fire in June 2008. This route goes directly up the eastern ridge passing the outcrop of Aikin Knott after which the ridge narrows considerably to reach the heather covered summit which gives a precipitous view of Newlands. The alternative starting point is the car park at Newlands Hause which stands at an altitude of 333 metres (1,093 feet), the summit of Knott Rigg is crossed first before continuing onto Ard Crags.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The narrow ridge is carpeted with heather, the top marked by a small cairn. The view from the summit is severely restricted in a north and westerly direction by the higher Eel Crag to Causey Pike ridge, the best feature of the view is the aerial view of the Newlands valley while Scafell Pike can be glimpsed eight miles away through a gap in the hills to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site is a historic county courthouse located in Mount Pulaski, Illinois, United States. It was the county seat of Logan County from 1848 until 1855. It is one of only two remaining courthouses from Illinois&#39;s Eighth Circuit, the circuit on which central Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln carried out much of his practice of law. The courthouse is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site. Visitors are given guided tours of the recreated county offices and courtroom.</p><br>
<h2>1848-1855: courthouse</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 1848, the people of Logan County used a frame courthouse, now the Postville Courthouse State Historic Site, located close to the center of the county at Postville. Frame courthouses were especially vulnerable to fire, and county leaders began looking for a community that would subsidize the construction of a masonry structure. Mount Pulaski citizens combined to contribute $2,700 toward the $3,000 for a new structure. This two-story brick building stands today as the Mount Pulaski Courthouse. The Greek Revival building features pediments spanning the length of the building and pilasters at each corner.</p><br>
<p>When the new courthouse was built in 1848, Abraham Lincoln of nearby Springfield was representing central Illinois in the USA House of Representatives. Returning to Illinois in 1849, he resumed the practice of law in the Eighth Circuit, and often visited the Mount Pulaski courthouse. Mount Pulaski is located 25 miles (40 km) north of Springfield, a day&#39;s journey by the horse and light buggy that Lincoln used.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pulaski is located in the southeastern quarter of Logan County. In the early 1850s, developers built a railroad, which would become the Chicago and Alton Railroad, northeastward from Springfield through Logan County. The new railroad became the focus of county development, and it did not go near Mount Pulaski. The railroad and county leaders agreed to move the Logan County seat once again, to a location very near the center of the county and directly on the new railroad line. The new county seat was named Lincoln, Illinois, after lawyer Lincoln, who by this time had made many friends throughout the county. The decision was affirmed by county voters in a referendum in 1853, and the court and county government had moved away by 1855.</p><br>
<p>County leaders fear of fire proved to be well-founded in 1857, when a blaze destroyed the relocated county records, including the dockets of the Logan County circuit court. As a result, very little is known of Lincolns specific legal cases in Logan County during the Mount Pulaski interval.</p><br>
<h2>After 1855</h2><br>
<p>Mount Pulaski only served as the county seat until 1853, when it moved to Lincoln, so the courthouse only served in its intended capacity for five years. After 1853, the building served as a school, the Mount Pulaski city hall and jail, and the local post office.</p><br>
<p>Illinois Governor Henry Horner launched a statewide search in the 1930s for surviving public buildings with which Lincoln had been familiar. Mount Pulaski gave the old brick courthouse building to the state of Illinois in 1936, and the state extensively restored it in 1936&ndash;1939 to resemble its function as the county courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1978, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. According to a member of the Logan County planning commission at the time, the building "ranks among the finest and best-preserved pre-1850 buildings in the state."</p><br>
<p>Tambukan Lake  is a lake with bitter-salt water on Northern Caucasus in Stavropol Krai  and the Kabardino-Balkar Republic  of Russia, located eight kilometers from Pyatigorsk. The lake&#39;s surface area is 1.87 square kilometers, and its depth ranges between 1.5–3.1 meters.</p><br>
<p>The lake bed is a thick layer of silt, which has been used since 1886 in institutions for mud cures in Yessentuki and other therapeutic mud baths in the region of Caucasian Mineral Water. These mud baths have been used by famous individuals such as Feodor Chaliapin, Anton Chekhov, and Leo Tolstoy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>In 1395, the warlord Timur took a bath in Tambukan Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1709, Kabardian prince Murzarbek Tambiev defeated the Crimean-Turkish army near this lake. The word Tambukan comes from Turkic words Tambu qanı and means Tambiev’s blood or Tambiev’s asylum.</p><br>
<p>In 1717, Peter The Great sent his physician Shober on expedition to Tambukan Lake to obtain medicinal water and mud.</p><br>
<p>The first scientific descriprion of Tambukan Lake was by Guldenschtedt in 1773.</p><br>
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<p>Massabesic Lake is a lake in southern New Hampshire, United States, covering about 2,560 acre  within the city of Manchester and the town of Auburn. Because it provides drinking water for Manchester, swimming and water skiing are not allowed there. Popular sports on the lake are sailing, fishing, and kayaking. The recreational trails along the lake provide beautiful views of the lake and the town of Auburn.</p><br>
<p>Besides flowing into the Manchester water system, the lake&#39;s water feeds Cohas Brook, leading to the Merrimack River. Massabesic is a Native American name meaning "place of much water" or "near the great brook."</p><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>Native American legends claim that the famous New Hampshire chief Passaconaway died on Lake Massabesic. A settler reported that the elder chief was headed towards Loon Island on the east side of the lake, which was "a place of fond memories of the aged chief&#39;s young past." When he was in the north part of the lake, a thunderstorm was being formed, which "was a sign of the presence of the Great Spirit." Then, a lightning bolt hit the canoe in which Passaconaway was riding in, and he and the canoe were disintegrated instantly.</p><br>
<p>Corps de Garde  is a 720-metre-high mountain of volcanic origin, in the area of the Moka Range between the Mont du Rempart  and the Le Pouce Mountain  in the Plaines Wilhems district of Mauritius. The name derived from the fact that a French military post was once established on its slope to control the bands of runaway slaves.</p><br>
<p>This basaltic rock has an imposing appearance which is characterized by an abruptly breakup of the slope towards the sea. It is resembling a figure of a reclining night watchman. It is also famous for a nature reserve of about 90.33 ha with a very rare flora such as Trochetia parviflora which was rediscovered on a mountain slope in 2001, Pilea trilobata which was rediscovered in 2005 and the Mandrinette. On the foot of that hill are the towns of Beau Bassin-Rose Hill and Quatre Bornes.</p><br>
<p>Boobera Lagoon is a permanent water hole in Moree Plains Shire, New South Wales, Australia, approximately 20 kilometres west of Goondiwindi in Queensland. It is located at {{coord|28.63|S|150.15|E|type:waterbody_region:AU}}. It lies several kilometres south of the Macintyre River, which forms the border between Queensland  and New South Wales, and is just north of the Mungindi - Goondiwindi road. Its outflow, which connects to the river, is named Boobera Watercourse.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon is 7 kilometres in length and supports a wide variety of aquatic and bird life.</p><br>
<p>The Indigenous people of the area believe the lagoon is the resting place of Garriya,</p><br>
<p>the Rainbow Serpent, an important figure in dreamtime legend. The lagoon was particularly significant to the Bigambul and Kamilaroi people, who held the third stage of their joint male initiation ceremonies at this site.</p><br>
<p>Today Boobera Lagoon is recognised as a culturally significant site and motorised water sport is prohibited on the Lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Big Hatchet Peak is the high point of the Big Hatchet Mountains, a small but rugged range in the southwest corner  of New Mexico, in the United States. The mountains are located in southeast Hidalgo County, about 50 mi southwest of Deming. The range runs roughly northwest-southeast, and is about 12 mi long; the southeastern edge of the range is within 3.5 mi of the border with Mexico. They lie primarily on BLM land.</p><br>
<p>The peak rises steeply out of the Playas Valley, to the west, and the Hachita Valley, to the east of the range. The summit stands about 4,000 feet above the valley floors. Also, the north and west faces of the peak are particularly steep, making for an impressive mountain. There are a few other minor summits in this small range, but most are not named, except for New Well Peak with a summit elevation of 6,284 ft and which anchors the southeast end of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>Geologically this range is part of the Basin and Range Province which spans much of the southwestern USA and parts of northern Mexico. It is a fault-block range made up of Paleozoic limestone and Cretaceous shale and sandstones.</p><br>
<p>Ecologically, the Big Hatchet Mountains lie near the Chihuahuan Desert and the Sonoran Desert, but their large relief provides many ecological niches more in keeping with the mountains to the north. Notable inhabitants include bats, raptors, bighorn sheep, and javelina.</p><br>
<p>The Big Hatchet Mountains are far from population centers, and have no paved road access or developed recreation sites; they therefore see little recreational activity. However the standard route on the peak, along the South Ridge from Thompson Canyon, is straightforward.</p><br>
<p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso. The average altitude of the altiplano is about 2,600 m above sea level but ranges from roughly 2,500 m to 4,000 m.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Altiplano in Spanish means "high plain" or "high plateau", the second part is a combination of the departments Cundinamarca and Boyacá.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The limits of the Altiplano are not strictly defined. The high plateau is enclosed by the higher mountains of the Eastern Ranges, with the Sumapaz mountains in the south and Chingaza to the east. The Tenza Valley is located to the east of the Altiplano and the Ocetá Páramo and Chicamocha Canyon are situated to the northeast.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivision</h3><br>
<p>The Altiplano is subdivided into three major valleys, from northeast to southwest:</p><br>
<p>Iraca Valley</p><br>
<p>Ubaté–Chiquinquirá Valley</p><br>
<p>Bogotá savanna</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The average temperature on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is 14 &deg;C, ranging from 0 &deg;C to 24 &deg;C. The dryest months of the year are from December to March, while rain is more common in April, May, September, October and November. From June to August strong winds are present. Hail is common on the Altiplano.</p><br>
<h3>Páramos</h3><br>
<p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is surrounded by and contains various Andean unique ecosystems; páramos. 60% of all páramos in the world are situated in Colombia and Boyacá has the most relative area of páramos. Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located. To the south the Sumapaz Páramo (largest in the world) forms a natural boundary of the Altiplano. Chingaza contains páramo vegetation, as does the most beautiful Ocetá Páramo in the northeast. On the Altiplano the microclimate of the surroundings of Lake Iguaque produces a páramo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is formed as part of the uplift of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes since Neogene times. Hydrothermal activity in fractures of the forming Andean chain left its trace in the form of the many emeralds found in the western and eastern parts of the Altiplano. From the Early Cretaceous until the Eocene, the region of the present-day Altiplano was dominated by a marine environment, as part of the long inland sea of northern South America. In these warm tropical seas a fauna of ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs developed, with important finds (Kronosaurus boyacensis (El Fósil), Muiscasaurus, with four nostrils) in the Paja Formation of Villa de Leyva. During the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene (35-30 Mya) epochs, South America became detached from its longest connected former member of Pangea; Antarctica. The isolation of the South American paleocontinent led to a large biodiversity of New World species.</p><br>
<p>The dominating group of top predators and scavengers for decades of millions of years on the continent were the terror birds. Fossils of terror birds have been found throughout South America, with a major collection from current Argentina, where the biggest terror bird, Kelenken, roamed the paleopampas in the early Miocene. The forming Andes created a hilly landscape in the regions bordering the former sea inlet from the proto-Caribbean. Other land animals in the Tertiary were the xenungulate Etayoa bacatensis, evidence for which has been found in 1987 in the Bogotá Formation of the southern Altiplano.</p><br>
<p>The biodiversity and former tranquility of the isolated ecosystem changed during the Pliocene, when the Panama Block emerged from the seas and formed a transferable connection with formerly isolated North America. This Great American Biotic Interchange led to a drastic rearrangement of South American fauna. Migrating species from North America replaced many formerly successful South American animals, among which the terror birds.</p><br>
<p>The Late Pleistocene of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense has been analysed in detail through various methods based on fossils found on the Altiplano. Pleistocene megafauna inhabited the glacial highlands of the eastern Andean chain. The climate in the glacials and stadials led to the formation of various prehistoric lakes in the valleys of the Altiplano. The Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley in the northwest of the Altiplano was covered with a lake, of which the current Lake Fúquene is a retreating remainder. To the extreme northeast, in Soatá, another Pleistocene lake was present. The largest paleolake in the latest Pleistocene was Lake Humboldt or Lake Bogotá covering the Bogotá savanna. The lake, some 4,000 km&sup2; in size, at that time would have been seventy times larger than the biggest lake of Colombia; present-day Lake Tota. Lake Tota is the remnant of a Pleistocene glacial lake higher up the Altiplano to the east. Lake Humboldt is thought to have existed until around 30,000 years ago with as modern remaining water bodies Lake Herrera, wetlands of Bogotá and the Bogotá River. Lake Humboldt had an irregular shoreline with an island in the centre; the present-day Suba Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is regarded one of eleven archaeological regions of Colombia. The earliest evidence of human occupation in the region has been found in Pubenza, to the west of the Altiplano, dating to 16,000 years BP. On the Altiplano, the oldest findings are dated at 12,400 ± 160 years in El Abra. Slightly younger occurrences of settlement by hunter-gatherers have been discovered at Tibitó, with an estimated age of 11,740 +/- 110 years BP and Tequendama dated at 10,920 ± 260 years BP.</p><br>
<h3>Andean preceramic</h3><br>
<p>Later dated excavations have revealed a transition from a hunter-gatherer society living in rock shelters to open area settlements with Checua and Aguazuque as examples. Various burial sites at Checua have been dated between 8200 to 7800 years BP. During the earliest phases, the first humans lived together with Pleistocene now extinct mastodons, as the fossil remains of Haplomastodon waringi, Neochoerus and Odocoileus in Soatá indicate.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the diet of the people was formed by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Other mammals included little red brocket (Mazama rufina), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), crab-eating fox (Dusicyon thous), spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), ocelot (Felis pardalis), puma (Felis concolor), lowland paca (Agouti paca), Agouti taczamawskii, Dasyprocta, ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua), western mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea), common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and collared anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla).</p><br>
<h4>Rock art</h4><br>
<p>Various archaeological sites with petroglyphs or pictographs have been discovered on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, among others in Bojacá, Bogotá, Chía, Usme, Cogua, Cota, Facatativá, Nemocón, Madrid, Mosquera, Sáchica, Sibaté, Soacha, Subachoque, Suesca, Sutatausa, Tenjo, Tocancipá, Zipacón, Zipaquirá.</p><br>
<h3>Ceramic pre-Columbian</h3><br>
<p>The ages between 3000 and 1000 years before present corresponds to the Herrera Period, and the era between 1000 BP and 1537, the year of the Spanish conquest, to the Muisca Confederation.</p><br>
<p>The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. They were organised in a loose confederation of different rulers; the zipa of Bacatá, with his headquarters in Funza, the zaque of Hunza, the iraca of the sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi, the Tundama of Tundama, and several independent caciques. The leaders of the Confederation at the time of conquest were zipa Tisquesusa, zaque Quemuenchatocha, iraca Sugamuxi and Tundama in the northernmost portion of their territories. The Muisca were organised in small communities of circular enclosures (ca in their language Muysccubbun; literally "language of the people"), with a central square where the bohío of the cacique was located. They were called "Salt People" because of their extraction of salt in various locations throughout their territories, mainly in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa. For the main part self-sufficient in their well-organised economy, the Muisca traded with the European conquistadors valuable products as gold, tumbaga (a copper-silver-gold alloy) and emeralds with their neighbouring indigenous groups. In the Tenza Valley, to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where the majority of the Muisca lived, they extracted emeralds in Chivor and Somondoco.</p><br>
<p>The economy of the Muisca was rooted in their agriculture with main products maize, yuca, potatoes and various other cultivations elaborated on elevated fields (in their language called tá). Agriculture had started around 3000 BCE on the Altiplano. The agriculture of the Muisca was performed on small-scale cropfields, part of more extensive lands, and in a rather egalitarian manner; the higher social classes did not have access to more agricultural products than the lower class Muisca people. Their main difference was in the construction of their houses and access to meat.</p><br>
<p>The predominant agricultural product of the Muisca was maize and they had numerous words in their language, Muysccubun for the plant, kernels and processing of it. Evidence for maize cultivation predates the Muisca; already in the Herrera Period maize cultivation has been identified based on pollen analysis. The cacicazgos were self-sufficient in their agricultural products and surpluses of maize (abitago) were traded for more tropical climate fruits such as pineapples, avocados and Ipomea batatas. The Muisca used terraces for their agriculture on the often flooded highlands and a system of irrigation and drainage was developed. They cultivated their crops in rows of mounds.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish conquest</h3><br>
<p>A delegation of more than 900 men left the tropical city of Santa Marta in April 1536 and went on a harsh expedition through the heartlands of Colombia in search of El Dorado and the civilisation that produced all that precious gold. The leader of the first and main expedition under Spanish flag was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, with his brother Hernán second in command.</p><br>
<p>The conquest of the Muisca on the Altiplano started in March 1537, when the greatly reduced troops of De Quesada entered Muisca territories in Chipatá, the first settlement they founded on March 8. The expedition went further inland and up the slopes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense into later Boyacá and Cundinamarca. The towns of Moniquirá (Boyacá) and Guachetá and Lenguazaque (Cundinamarca) were founded before the conquistadors arrived at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna in Suesca. continued to Lenguazaque that was founded the next day, En route towards the domain of zipa Tisquesusa, the Spanish founded Cajicá and Chía. In April 1537 they arrived at Funza, where Tisquesusa was beaten by the Spanish. This formed the onset for further expeditions, starting a month later towards the eastern Tenza Valley and the northern territories of zaque Quemuenchatocha. On August 20, 1537, the zaque was submitted in his bohío in Hunza. The Spanish continued their journey northeastward into the Iraca Valley, where the iraca Sugamuxi fell to the Spanish troops and the Sun Temple was accidentally burned by two soldiers of the army of De Quesada in early September.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, other soldiers from the conquest expedition went south and conquered Pasca and other settlements. The Spanish leader returned with his men to the Bogotá savanna and planned new conquest expeditions executed in the second half of 1537 and first months of 1538. On August 6, 1538, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded Bogotá as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, named after his home region of Granada, Spain. That same month, on August 20, the zipa who succeeded his brother Tisquesusa upon his death; Sagipa, allied with the Spanish to fight the Panche, eternal enemies of the Muisca in the southwest. In the Battle of Tocarema, the allied forces claimed victory over the bellicose western neighbours. In late 1538, other conquest undertakings resulted in more founded settlements in the heart of the Andes. Two other expeditions that were taking place at the same time; of De Belalcázar from the south and Federmann from the east, reached the newly founded capital and the three leaders embarked in May 1539 on a ship on the Magdalena River that took them to Cartagena and from there back to Spain. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada had installed his younger brother Hernán as new governor of Bogotá and the latter organised new conquest campaigns in search of El Dorado during the second half of 1539 and 1540. His captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón founded Tunja on August 6, 1539 and captain Baltasar Maldonado, who had served under De Belalcázar, defeated the cacique of Tundama at the end of 1539. The last zaque Aquiminzaque was decapitated in early 1540, establishing the new rule over the former Muisca Confederation.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial period</h3><br>
<h3>Modern day</h3><br>
<p>Present-day, due to the large population and agriculture of the Altiplano, the original vegetation is at risk.</p><br>
<h3>Timeline of inhabitation</h3><br>
<h2>Cities</h2><br>
<p>Most important city of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is the Colombian capital Bogotá. Other cities are, from northeast to southwest:</p><br>
<p>Sogamoso</p><br>
<p>Duitama</p><br>
<p>Chiquinquirá</p><br>
<p>Villa de Leyva</p><br>
<p>Tunja</p><br>
<p>Ubaté</p><br>
<p>Suesca</p><br>
<p>Tocancipá</p><br>
<p>Zipaquirá</p><br>
<p>Cajicá</p><br>
<p>Chía</p><br>
<p>Facatativá</p><br>
<p>Soacha</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense hosts a number of rivers and lakes.</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>Bogotá River</p><br>
<p>Teusacá River</p><br>
<p>Juan Amarillo River</p><br>
<p>Fucha River</p><br>
<p>Tunjuelo River</p><br>
<p>Soacha River</p><br>
<p>Neusa River</p><br>
<p>Río Frío</p><br>
<p>Bojacá River</p><br>
<p>Subachoque River</p><br>
<p>Sogamoso River</p><br>
<p>Chicamocha River</p><br>
<p>Suárez River</p><br>
<p>* Ubaté River</p><br>
<p>Cravo Sur River</p><br>
<p>Cusiana River</p><br>
<p>Guavio River</p><br>
<p>Lengupá River</p><br>
<p>Upía River</p><br>
<h3>Lakes</h3><br>
<h4>Natural</h4><br>
<p>Lake Tota, largest lake of Colombia</p><br>
<p>Lake Fúquene</p><br>
<p>Lake Guatavita</p><br>
<p>Lake Herrera</p><br>
<p>Lake Iguaque</p><br>
<p>Siecha Lakes</p><br>
<p>Lake Suesca</p><br>
<h4>Artificial</h4><br>
<p>La Copa Reservoir</p><br>
<p>El Muña Reservoir</p><br>
<p>Neusa Reservoir</p><br>
<p>San Rafael Reservoir</p><br>
<p>Sisga Reservoir</p><br>
<p>Lake Sochagota</p><br>
<p>Tominé Reservoir</p><br>
<p>Lake Herrera (since 1973)</p><br>
<h3>Waterfalls</h3><br>
<p>Tequendama Falls</p><br>
<h3>Wetlands</h3><br>
<p>Wetlands of Bogotá</p><br>
<p>El Burro</p><br>
<p>Capellanía</p><br>
<p>La Conejera</p><br>
<p>Córdoba</p><br>
<p>La Florida</p><br>
<p>Guaymaral y Torca</p><br>
<p>La Isla</p><br>
<p>Jaboque</p><br>
<p>Maiporé</p><br>
<p>Meandro del Say</p><br>
<p>El Salitre</p><br>
<p>Santa María del Lago</p><br>
<p>Techo</p><br>
<p>Tibabuyes</p><br>
<p>Tibanica</p><br>
<p>La Vaca</p><br>
<h2>Altiplanos in Latin America</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, also known as the Royal Presidio Chapel, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Monterey, California, United States. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It was built in 1794 making it the oldest  serving cathedral along with St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only existing building in the original Monterey Presidio.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The church was founded by the Franciscan Saint Junípero Serra as the chapel of Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on June 3, 1770. Father Serra first established the original mission in Monterey at this location on June 3, 1770, near the native village of Tamo. However, Father Serra became engaged in a heated power struggle with Military Governor Pedro Fages, who was headquartered at the Presidio of Monterey and served as governor of Alta California between 1770 and 1774. Serra decided to move the mission away from the Presidio, and in May, 1771, the Spanish viceroy approved Serra&#39;s petition to relocate the mission to its current location near the mouth of the Carmel River and the present-day town of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.</p><br>
<p>When the mission was moved, the existing wood and adobe building became the San Jose Chapel for the Presidio of Monterey. Monterey became the capital of the Province of Californias in 1777 and the chapel was renamed the Royal Presidio Chapel. The original church along with other buildings in the presido was destroyed by fire caused by a salute gun in 1789 and was replaced by the present sandstone structure built between 1791 and 1795. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor. In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of Saint Charles Borromeo.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, the chapel was selected to be the Pro-Cathedral of the Diocese of Monterey by Bishop Joseph Alemany. After Alemany became Archbishop of San Francisco, his successor Thaddeus Amat y Brusi moved the cathedral to Mission Santa Barbara, to be closer to the population in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Hoover marriage</h2><br>
<p>Future President of the United States Herbert Hoover and Lou Henry were married February 10, 1899 by Father Ramon Mestres who was serving at the Chapel; Hoover was the first President to be married by a Catholic priest. The wedding took place not at the Chapel, but in the Henry home. Father Mestres had received special dispensation from the bishop to perform the civil ceremony because there was no Protestant minister in town at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Presidio Chapel is the first stone building in California and reflects the exquisite Spanish Colonial style of the late 18th century. The Moorish architecture influence is also evident in the fine architecture. The ornamental arches and portals carved in sandstone make the church unique and arguably the most beautiful of all the Missions. A garden surrounds the gated Mission, with a path leading all the way round and to both San Carlos School and the Rectory of San Carlos Cathedral. To the right of the Cathedral lies a statue of the Virgin Mary with an arch beneath. At the rear of the building is the Junipero Oak, a California landmark. There is a bell tower to announce Mass and in the niche at the very top of the façade there is a statue of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the oldest non-indigenous sculpture in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Associated landmarks and buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Vizcaíno-Serra Oak. The preserved remains of the tree which is closely associated with the early history of Monterey once stood in the grounds of the cathedral.</p><br>
<p>San Carlos School. The school is located on the grounds of the cathedral and was established in 1898 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondolet. It was later run the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. Since 2001, it has been run as a ministry of San Carlos Cathedral with a lay principal and faculty.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1960, the chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. The chapel again became the cathedral of the Diocese of Monterey when the Diocese of Monterey-Fresno was split in 1967 to form the Monterey and Fresno dioceses. The cathedral is the smallest in the contiguous United States, and one of the two oldest buildings serving as a cathedral in the United States (St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana was also completed in 1794).</p><br>
<h2>Other historic designations</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark #105 — Royal Presidio Chapel</p><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark #128 — Landing Place of Sebastian Vizcaíno and Fray Junípero Serra</p><br>
<p>Kippure  is a granite mountain that straddles two county boundaries from its peak in Wicklow into South Dublin. It is popular for hill walking and outdoor leisure activity owing to its proximity to Dublin city, with its fine views over Dublin Bay towards Howth Head. It has convenient access and easy terrain. At 757 metres , it is the 73rd highest in the Republic of Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The townland of Kippure is 1,490 acres and occupies the western flank of the mountain. The ridge between the summits of Kippure and Seefingan defines the northern border of the townland, while the River Liffey in the valley below defines the southern border.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Kippure is easily reached by the Military Road which passes close to the summit, with a spur from the road to a 2RN transmitter site at the top.</p><br>
<h2>Watercourses</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Kippure hold the sources of multiple watercourses, including tributaries that feed the River Liffey, which rises in the Liffey Head Bog on the western slopes of nearby Tonduff Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Transmission site</h2><br>
<p>At the summit of Kippure stands a 127m television and radio transmitter mast. This is the oldest television transmission site in the Republic of Ireland, and was initially selected as a potential VHF FM radio transmitter site during the course of a Radio Éireann survey in the mid-1950s. The Irish Board of Works built an access road to the site in 1959, and the transmitter installation work was then started by the British company Pye Ltd. By the summer of 1961 the mast was erected and test transmissions followed, consisting of slide views of Ireland, a testcard, and the music of Count John McCormack.</p><br>
<p>Telefís Éireann began with transmission from Kippure on 31 December 1961 using the British 405-line TV standard on VHF Band III channel 7, to be followed by a 625-line service on channel H in the summer of 1962. Kippure was the first of the original five main Telefís Éireann transmitters to come into service, the others being, Truskmore (1962), Mount Leinster (1963), Maghera (1963), and Mullaghanish (1963)</p><br>
<p>VHF FM transmission of RTÉ Radio (the former Radio Éireann) commenced in 1966, with stereo broadcasting beginning in 1969.</p><br>
<p>405-line transmission from Kippure ceased in 1978 with the arrival of RTÉ 2, however Kippure did not transmit RTÉ 2 until much later. Initially on Channel J at low power later moving to Channel H with RTÉ 1 moving to Channel E.</p><br>
<p>Kippure&#39;s importance in radio and television transmission has diminished since the late 1970s with the opening of three new UHF transmitter sites at Three Rock in County Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Clermont Carn in County Louth, and Cairn Hill in County Longford, which provide better reception in most areas previously served only by Kippure. Today the Irish DTT service, Saorview, the national FM radio stations, and some commercial radio stations are broadcast from the site.</p><br>
<h2>Current transmissions</h2><br>
<h3>Digital television</h3><br>
<h3>Digital Radio</h3><br>
<h3>Analogue FM radio</h3><br>
<h3>Kippure Digital TV relay transmitter</h3><br>
<p>High West  is a mountain in Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has a height of 494 m. It is west of Victoria Peak, north of Pok Fu Lam and south of Lung Fu Shan. Queen Mary Hospital is at its west slope and Harlech Road passes its north slope. Hatton Road and Lugard Road end in the pass between High West and Victoria Peak. The mountain is located within Pok Fu Lam Country Park.</p><br>
<p>Although not as high as Victoria Peak, its peak is a much less touristed location than the previous,which offers panoramic views over the western and southern sides of the island, as well as Kowloon and parts of New Territories to the north. A small trail near the junction of Hatton, Lugard and Harlech Roads leads to the top. On clear days, Tai Mo Shan, Tsuen Wan and East Lamma Channel can be visible.</p><br>
<p>Rusumo Falls is a waterfall located on the Kagera river on the border between Rwanda and Tanzania, part of the most distant headwaters of the river Nile. The falls are approximately 15 m high and 40 m wide and have formed on Precambrian schists and quartzophyllites.</p><br>
<p>Although the falls themselves are not of significant height in comparison to other waterfalls, they have played an important part in the history of Rwanda because they form the only bridging point on the river in that area.</p><br>
<h2>Significant Events</h2><br>
<p>The falls were the scene of the first arrival of Europeans in Rwanda in 1894, when the German count Gustav Adolf von Götzen came across from Tanzania (Rwanda had been considered part of German East Africa since 1885 but no German had yet entered the country). He continued from there to the palace of the Mwami at Nyanza, and onward to the shores of Lake Kivu.</p><br>
<p>The Belgians also entered Rwanda via the falls, when they took over the country during World War I in 1916. The bridge at Rusumo was the only feasible crossing of the river at the time, and the Germans had entrenched themselves on the Rwandan side. By taking up positions in the surrounding hills, the Belgians were able to remove these guards using mounted artillery opening up the route by which they invaded the rest of the country.</p><br>
<p>The falls gained international fame during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, as thousands of dead bodies flowed underneath the Rusomo Bridge while a simultaneous stream of refugees crossed over it, fleeing into Tanzania to escape the slaughter. This was one of the first mass outflows of the Great Lakes refugee crisis. The Kagera drains water from all areas of Rwanda except the far west, and consequently carried all the corpses which had been discarded into rivers nationwide. This led to a state of emergency being declared in areas around the shore of Lake Victoria in Uganda, where these bodies eventually washed up.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the African Development Bank Group approved funding for the Regional Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project which will increase renewable power generating capacity and access to electricity in Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The project has two components: an 80 MW hydropower generation plant and transmission lines and substations. The Bank finances the transmission facilities of Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project.</p><br>
<p>Tell el-Hesi  is a 25-acre archaeological site in Israel. It was the first major site excavated in Palestine, first by Flinders Petrie in 1890 and later by Frederick Jones Bliss in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund . Petrie&#39;s excavations were one of the first to systematically use stratigraphy and seriation to produce a chronology of the site.</p><br>
<p>Tell el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern Israeli city of Qiryat Gat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was occupied from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period to the Hellenistic period, though not continuously.</p><br>
<p>The city reached a size of 25 acres in the Early Bronze Age during the middle of the 3rd Millennium BCE. It then fell into disuse until the</p><br>
<p>middle of the 2nd millennium during the Late Bronze Age when it</p><br>
<p>was rebuilt, staying in use for around a thousand years.</p><br>
<p>A military trench system was dug into the top of the mound</p><br>
<p>during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.</p><br>
<p>Petrie identified Tell el-Hesi as the Biblical site of Lachish, and Bliss accepted this identification, but it is no longer accepted. In 1924 W. F. Albright proposed that Tell el-Hesi was Biblical Eglon, an identification still accepted by Yohanan Aharoni in the 1970s. This identification, too, is unlikely and the site should be considered unidentified.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site was first described in 1839 by Edward Robinson. It is 200 feet above the land in the East and 60 feet high in the other directions. The mound was roughly square with 200 feet on a side in Robinson&#39;s time but has been reduced by</p><br>
<p>excavations and military action.</p><br>
<p>It was originally excavated between 1890 and 1892 by the PEF during five excavation seasons. After brief training under Petrie at Meydum in Egypt, Bliss began two years work at Tell el-Hesi. Using Petries ceramic sequence and the pioneering concept of a sequence of cities&#39;, Bliss was able to establish not only the archaeology of this specific site, but the sequential framework for Levantine archaeology. The final reports were published in 1891 and 1894. Among other discoveries was the remains of what was identified as an iron blast furnace, with slag and ashes, which was dated to 1500 BC. If the theories of experts are correct, the use of the hot-air blast instead of cold air was known at an extremely early age. Aside from some inscribed pottery of</p><br>
<p>various periods, the significant epigraphic find was a single</p><br>
<p>cuneiform tablet. This tablet is closely related to the Amarna Letters and mentions a person noted as the governor of Lachish in those letters.</p><br>
<p>A second series of excavations began in 1970, at the behest of the American Schools of Oriental Research and its President G. Ernest Wright, the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi. The original core staff of directors for the project included John Worrell - Director; Lawrence Toombs - Senior Archeologist, Phillip King - Administrative Director, Tom Frank - Education Director, and W. J. Bennett, Jr. and Lawrence Stager as Field Directors. The team excavated at the site from 1970 to 1983 for eight summer seasons. The project emphasized excavation in two parts of the site: the acropolis and its associated wall system (Fields I and III), and the Early Bronze III (EB III) wall system of the lower city (Fields V, VI, and IX).</p><br>
<p>Longue Vue Island is an island located in the Thousand Islands region on the Saint Lawrence River. The island is on the American side of the river, adjacent to the St. Lawrence Seaway channel in Northern New York. It is a part of the Town of Alexandria, in Jefferson County, New York. It is the only artificial island in the entire region.</p><br>
<p>The original owner of the house was Hudson Rose, a New York City lumber dealer. The island was originally named Rossette after Rose. The home was bought in the mid-1920s by Temple Berdan, and was empty from 1932 to 1939. Lewis Dollinger purchased the home from Berdan&#39;s estate. It was later owned by the Dollinger Corporation and, after the tax laws were changed in the 1970s, was owned by the son of Dollinger Corporation founder Lewis Dollinger, F. Leslie Dollinger for many years. It was sold in 1994 to Arizona businessman Al Wareing, who is the current owner.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction drawings for Mr. and Mrs. Hudson P. Rose were provided by architects Barney and Chapman of New York and were approved on April 26, 1905. The first contract for materials was by the Otis Brooks Lumber Company of Clayton, New York and was signed on July 15, 1905. The May 3, 1905 edition of the Watertown Daily Times reported that Mr. & Mrs Hudson P. Rose were to have a home built on their property near point Vivian the following season. The home and boathouse that are situated on it were built in 1906. The island was constructed on four rock shoals, by building a rock wall around the shoals from a nearby quarry, then filling the area in with rock and soil. The construction was done by Barney & Chapman.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, construction was done to the boathouse to repair it, as the building was starting to fall into the river. New rock walls were placed in the building to stop the descent and the level of the island was raised by about 1 ft by adding another level of rock, soil, and grass seed. The upstairs of the boathouse was also altered to include a full wet-bar, and deck space was located onto the roof. No alteration construction work may be done on the outside of the house, as it is registered on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Island layout</h2><br>
<p>The island has an approximately 7,000 ft&sup2; house on the center. The boathouse, while smaller, has three boat slips, which have held as many as six boats during the years. The second floor includes a game room with wet bar. The flagpole (which was originally on the top of the house) is on the western tip of the island and has a plaque next to it noting the fact that the founder of Dollinger Corporation, Lewis Dollinger, died on the island. There is plenty of lawn space on the island, and swimming space, including a dock and a water slide.</p><br>
<p>The three-story home includes a kitchen, small breakfast room, large living room, dining room, and large porch surrounding the house on two sides on the first floor. The second and third floors are mostly bedrooms and bathrooms. In addition to the four-sided open stairwell, the second floor is connected to the kitchen on the first floor via a small spiral stairway hidden behind a closet door, presumably intended for servant use. Within the basement of the house, one of the three shoals the island was built on can be seen sticking out of the floor and wall.</p><br>
<p>The island is within a short boat ride of Boldt Castle, a castle constructed around 1900, left unfinished in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The island also has a collection of flags which are flown at certain times during the summer. The flags are of all the different countries in the world. These flags are flown around the exterior of the island. In addition to the country flags, there is a flag for every state. These flags are on display during the Fourth of July weekend as well as Labor Day weekend.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost stories about Longue Vue Island</h2><br>
<p>The current owners of Longue Vue Island have declared that they have seen the ghost of Lewis Dollinger roaming the house at night time. The son of former owner Leslie Dollinger, Doug Dollinger, also has believed to have stated that he saw the painting of Lewis Dollinger that used to be in the dining room come alive at night time and tell him to get off the island back in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Dock Tarn is a small tarn located within the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England at grid reference. It is situated on moorland at 400 metres above sea level near the summit of Great Crag, midway between Watendlath, the Stonethwaite valley and Borrowdale. It measures approximately 300 by 200 metres, and the shoreline is indented with rocky headlands and bays. There is a tiny island in the tarn with a few small Rowan trees growing on it. Many Lake District writers rate Dock Tarn and the walk to it very highly because of its quiet beauty.</p><br>
<p>The tarn can be reached from Watendlath by a 2.5 kilometre walk along a path that climbs very close to the summit of Great Crag; many walkers include the ascent of this fell in the outing. The approach from Stonethwaite is of a similar distance but is more arduous, going steeply through the deciduous woodland in the valley before following the stream of Willygrass Gill, which is the outflow of Dock Tarn.</p><br>
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<p>The Birmingham Civil Rights District is an area of downtown Birmingham, Alabama where several significant events in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s took place. The district was designated by the City of Birmingham in 1992 and covers a six-block area.</p><br>
<p>Landmarks in the district include:</p><br>
<p>16th Street Baptist Church, where the students involved in the 1963 Children&#39;s Campaign were trained and left in groups of 50 to march on City Hall, and where four young African American girls were killed and 22 churchgoers were injured in a bombing on September 15, 1963.</p><br>
<p>Kelly Ingram Park, where many protests by blacks were held, often resulting in recrimination by Birmingham police, including the famous 1963 scenes of policemen turning back young protesters with fire hoses and police dogs. News coverage of the riots in this park helped turn the tide of public opinion in the United States against segregationist policies. Several sculptures in the park depict scenes from those police riots.</p><br>
<p>The Fourth Avenue Business District, where much of the citys black businesses and entertainment venues were located; the area was the hub of the black community for many years. The business district includes A. G. Gastons Booker T. Washington Insurance Co. and the Gaston Motel, a meeting place for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights during the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Carver Theatre, once a popular motion picture theater for blacks in Birmingham, now renovated as a live-performance theater and home of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, a museum which chronicles the events, struggles, and victories of the Civil Rights Movement, opened in 1993.</p><br>
<p>On March 21, 2016, Rep. Terri Sewell introduced to the United States House of Representatives H.R. 4817, a bill that would designate the Birmingham Civil Rights District as a National Park. On March 28, 2016, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Federal Lands. However, a portion of the district was designated by executive order by President Obama as the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument on January 12, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank of New York City was chartered in May 1834 and is now part of Capital One Bank.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank opened in 1834 at the site of what is now 128-130 Bowery in Manhattan. By 1980 it had over 35 branches located in the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, as well as Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island. When bank deregulation was enacted the bank began to suffer losses as a result of rising savings account interest rates. By 1982 the bank was running out of cash; in 1985 the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) arranged for the bank to be sold to Richard Ravitch and others. It was sold for $100 million and allowed to maintain a capital deficit of $220 million rather than pay out on the $5 billion in deposits. In 1992 it was sold to H. F. Ahmanson & Co for $200 million. The name was changed by 1992 to Home Savings of America. In 1995, Ahmanson sold their New York operations to Greenpoint Savings Bank. By 2004 Greenpoint had been sold to North Fork Bank, and in 2007 North Fork was sold to Capital One Bank.</p><br>
<p>From 1972 to 1992, baseball Hall-of-Famer Joe DiMaggio was spokesman for the Bowery Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>Timeline</p><br>
<p>5/1/1834 &ndash; New York State chartered the Bowery Savings Bank (5/1834–10/1985)</p><br>
<p>10/22/1920 &ndash; Universal Savings Bank acquired by merger</p><br>
<p>2/14/1949 &ndash; North River Savings Bank acquired by merger</p><br>
<p>2/11/1980 &ndash; Equitable Savings & Loan Association acquired by merger</p><br>
<p>10/1/1985 &ndash; Merge with The State Bowery Savings Bank</p><br>
<p>4/20/1992 &ndash; Name changed to Home Savings of America, Bowery Division, a state savings bank</p><br>
<p>9/1/1992 &ndash; Converted to Federal Home Savings of America, Bowery Division, a Federal savings bank</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>130 Bowery and 124 Bowery:</p><br>
<p>The bank&#39;s first headquarters at 130 Bowery between Broome and Grand Streets was designed by Stanford White, from the firm of McKim, Mead, and White, and built in 1893–95. The "L"-shaped buildings continues through to Elizabeth Street, and has a designed facade at 228 Grand Street.</p><br>
<p>Whites choice of a Roman classical style for the building, a first, set a trend for bank buildings, first in New York, and then across the United States. The exterior features Corinthian columns and sculpted pediments by Frederic MacMonnies, while the interior gives the impression of a Roman temple, and is said to be one of the great spaces in New York. It features the extensive use of marble, in the tellers counters &ndash; which are made of yellow Siena marble &ndash; the walls, and the mosaic floors. In addition, White employed faux marble scagliola columns, coffered ceilings and stairs and skylights made of cast iron.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the original building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, and the interior in 1994. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is currently "Capitale", restaurant, night club and event space which is popular as a wedding site. In 2012, the connected building at 124 Bowery, designed by York & Sawyer and completed in 1902, was also designated a landmark.</p><br>
<p>110 East 42nd Street:</p><br>
<p>The bank decided to move its headquarters in 1920, and a new building was constructed from 1921 to 1923 at 110 East 42nd Street between Park and Lexington Avenues across from Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by York and Sawyer in Italian Romanesque Revival style, with William Louis Ayres as the partner in charge. The huge interior, which measures 65 feet high, 80 feet wide and 197 1/2 feet long, utilizes marble, limestone, sandstone and bronze screens to create a space reminiscent of a basilica. A six-story addition to the east, which came to be called "The Chapel", was built in 1931–33.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1996. The ground floor is now a Cipriani restaurant and upscale event space.</p><br>
<p>The Kunhar River  is 166 km long river, located primarily in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, northern Pakistan. It is in the Indus River watershed basin.</p><br>
<h2>Origin & Route</h2><br>
<p>The river originates from Lulusar Lake, nearly 48 km upstream from Naran Valley. Waters of Dudipat and Saiful Muluk Lakes feed the river besides glacial waters from Malka Parbat and other high peaks in the valley. The Kunhar river flows through the entire Kaghan valley, Jalkhad, the Naran valley, Kaghan, Balakot, Garhi Habibullah and Dalola. The River joins with Jhelum River at confluence just outside Muzaffarabad, in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir province, Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Hydropower Development</h2><br>
<p>Kunhar river has great hydropower generation potential and currently SK Hydro project is under construction in Kaghan Valley, Mansehra which has an installed capacity of 840 MW.</p><br>
<h2>Fresh water trout and trout farming</h2><br>
<p>The Kunhar river is considered to have good quality trout. Trout is also produced in farms that have been developed along the river. The farms take fresh water from Kunhar River and pass it back to the river in order to provide fresh water for the trout.</p><br>
<p>Dierks Lake is a reservoir 56 mi down the Saline River, and 5 mi from Dierks, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Flood Control Act approved July 3, 1958 authorized Dierks Dam for construction. The project was designed by the Tulsa District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and constructed under their supervision. Construction of the project was started in June 1968 and embankment closure was made in May 1975. The dam is an earthern structure 48 feet high.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose</h2><br>
<p>The purposes of Dierks Lake are: flood control on the Saline River, recreation, water supply, and fish and wildlife conservation. As a part of the Little River Basin System the lake offers a high degree of flood protection to large areas of land both in the Little River Basin and the flood plain along the Red River.</p><br>
<p>Recreation on the lake is very popular. The 1,360 acre lake provides and enjoyable experience for the boating enthusiast. Dierks Lake is known for its wonderful bass and crappie fishing. It is also a great place for swimming and skiing. Fishing provides many hours of enjoyment for the visitors at Dierks Lake. The species most actively sought are: smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, spotted bass, crappie, channel catfish, flathead catfish, and the various species of sunfish. Most of the species found in the lake are also found in the downstream area. Picnicking areas are available at many of the sites on Dierks Lake. There are 4 reservable picnic areas, which are great for family reunions or holidays. The picnic shelters are lighted and equipped with barbecue grills and electricity. These shelters are located at Jefferson Ridge, Horseshoe Bend, and Dierks Overlook.</p><br>
<p>The Brown Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge in Shrewsbury, Vermont. Located in the northwestern part of the town, it carries Upper Cold River Road over the Cold River. It was closed to vehicular traffic in 2011 due to damage from Hurricane Irene and reopened as a National Historic Site on July 5, 2016. Built in 1880 by noted Vermont bridgewright Nichols M. Powers, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2014, cited as one of the finest and least-altered examples of a Town lattice truss covered bridge in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brown Covered Bridge is set in a remote wooded ravine in northwestern Shrewsbury, about 5 mi southeast of Rutland, Vermont. The bridge is a single span lattice truss of a type patented by architect Ithiel Town in 1820. It is 100 ft in length, and rests on stone abutments that have been capped in concrete. One of the abutments includes an extremely large boulder, a clear adaptation of the bridge to its location. The bridge is believed to be the only standing covered bridge in the United States with a slate roof, a once-common local variant feature of area covered bridges. It has vertical weatherboard siding, with a small opening at the eaves. The bridge has a roadway width of 13 ft. The bridge has received only routine maintenance throughout its lifespan, most recently in 2002, when it was resided and its abutments treated. The Brown Bridge sustained minor damage from flooding caused by Tropical Storm Irene in 2011, and was closed. It was slated for rehabilitation after a 2008 inspection.</p><br>
<p>This bridge was not the first to stand on the site, with maps of the area showing a crossing here as early as the mid 19th century. The location is about 100 yd northwest of the home of George Brown, for whom the bridge was named. It was built in 1880 at a cost of less than $1100, by Nichols M. Powers, a noted Vermont bridgewright who then lived in nearby Clarendon. It is the last bridge known to have been built by Powers, who died in 1897. Powers&#39; most famous work, the Old Blenheim Bridge in Schoharie, New York, was destroyed by flooding caused by Irene in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is one of about 110 surviving Town lattice truss bridges built before 1955, and was identified as one of a few high-quality covered bridges in a nationwide survey conducted by the National Park Service in the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>Gillham Lake is a small reservoir located along the Cossatot River, mostly in Howard County, but also extending westward into Polk County, Arkansas. The lake is 6 mi from Gillham, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Flood Control Act of 1958 approved the lake for construction. The lake provides flood control, water supply and wildlife conservation. Recreation was not planned for the lake purposes but they were included anyway. Gillham has five recreation areas, five boat ramps, three campgrounds, one picnic shelter,and one designated swim area. Gillham Lake includes 1,370 acre of fishing; bass is mostly caught in the lake. Canoeing and fly fishing on the Cossatot River are popular. The river can be canoed about 16 mi south of the dam to USA Highway 71 South. The Cossatot River has been noted as the best conoeing area between the Rockies and the Smokeys. There are two designated picnicking areas and one picnicking shelter that are chiefly used for reunions and family recreation. Gillham Lake also has the Coon Creek Walking Trail which is located on the entry road to Big Coon Creek Park.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Work on Gillham Dam began on June 1963, roads had to be relocated following the construction of the dam. The first concrete in the spillway was poured in November 1968. Work was halted in February 1971 but resumed in August 1972. The dam began storing water May 8, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Bartonsville Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge in the village of Bartonsville, in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. The bridge is a lattice truss style with a 151-foot span, carrying Lower Bartonsville Road over the Williams River. It was built in 2012, replacing a similar bridge built in 1870 by Sanford Granger. The 1870 bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was destroyed in 2011 in flooding caused by Hurricane Irene.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built after the great flood of 1869 that changed the course of the river, replacing another covered bridge about 1/4 mile up the road where the river used to flow. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was located on Lower Bartonsville Road, a paved road a short distance north from Vermont Route 103. Nearby, to the east, is the Worrall Covered Bridge, also built by Granger.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, a Town of Rockingham gravel truck fell through the bridge cutting off cars from Lower Bartonsville Village from the direct link to Vermont Route 103 until the floor was replaced. In the early 1980s extensive renovations were conducted on the bridge, including replacing the abutment on the north side of the bridge, reinforcing the original stone abutments on the south side of the bridge, and replacing the roof and the weathered siding.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction by Hurricane Irene and replacement</h3><br>
<p>On August 28, 2011, the bridge was destroyed by flash flooding caused by excessive rainfall from Hurricane Irene&#39;s landfall on the USA East Coast. An effort to</p><br>
<p>rebuild the structure was supported by town officials, who voted to use the bridge&#39;s insurance money to build another covered bridge.</p><br>
<p>The new bridge was opened on January 26, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Worrall Covered Bridge, also known as the Woralls Bridge is a wooden covered bridge carrying Williams Road across the Williams River in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. Built about 1868, it is the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town, after the Hall Covered Bridge collapsed in 1980 and was replaced in 1982. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Worrall Covered Bridge is located on Williams Road, a dirt road a short distance north of Vermont Route 103, that generally parallels the Williams River on its north side, while VT 103 follows the river on the south side. The bridge is a Town lattice truss structure, with a total span of 82 ft and a total structure length of 87 ft. The trusses rest on stone abutments that have been reinforced with concrete, and the road bed (14 ft wide, or one lane) has been reinforced with laminated beams. It is topped by a gabled metal roof, and is sheathed in vertical board siding, with openings on its south side to improve traffic visibility. The bridge includes one rare feature — a wooden ramp leading up to the northwest entrance.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1868 by Sanford Granger, a local master builder. Of seventeen 19th-century bridges once located in the town, it is one of only two that remain. At the time of its National Register listing in 1973, there were three such bridges, but one of them, the nearby Bartonsville Covered Bridge, was destroyed in 2011 by flooding caused by Hurricane Irene.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsley Covered Bridge  is a wooden covered bridge carrying East Street across the Mill River in Clarendon, Vermont. Built about 1870, it is the town&#39;s only surviving 19th-century covered bridge. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kingsley Covered Bridge is located west of Vermont Route 103 and just under the landing strip for the Rutland Airport on East Street Extension off Gorge Road, a paved road that turns to dirt after crossing the bridge. It is adjacent to the Kingsley Grist Mill Historic District, consisting of a restored mill and houses. The bridge has a 3 ton weight limit.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is a single-span Town lattice truss structure, 121 ft long and 17.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 14 ft (one lane). The trusses rest on abutments that have been faced in concrete. The exterior is finished in vertical board siding, which extends from the sides, around the portals, and just inside the portals. It has a roof of corrugated metal.</p><br>
<p>The bridge bears a sign claiming to have been built in 1836, but the National Register nomination claims a construction date of about 1870. The bridge was built by Timothy K. Horton (1814-1896), and is the town&#39;s last surviving 19th-century bridge. The site has apparently had a bridge since the late 18th century, with references to a crossing being authorized there in 1788.</p><br>
<p>Schooleys or, officially, Schooleys Mountain Schooleys Mountain is also one of the largest ridges in a group of geologically similar and parallel mountains, which include Allamuchy Mountain, Pohatcong Mountain, Scotts Mountain, and Jenny Jump Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Schooley&#39;s Mountain is separated from Musconetcong Mountain by a gap and the valley of Spruce Run, which bifurcates the mountain itself higher in its course. The mountain ridge extends about 20 miles northeast, being separated by Budd Lake and the South Branch Raritan River from Mooney Mountain. The northeasternmost point looks out upon Waterloo and the Musconetcong River, the valley of which lies upon its northwestern side; on the southeastern side is Wasington Township, Morris County, New Jersey, drained by the South Branch Raritan River.</p><br>
<p>Prominent subsidiary peaks include Mount Kipp (951 ft), at the southeastern tip, and Point Mountain (935 ft), overlooking Anderson in the Musconetcong Valley. The summit of the ridge proper lies in an area of private homes on Kim Lane, on the northeastern part of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The community of Schooley&#39;s Mountain is on top and in the middle of the ridge, which rises about 400 to 800 ft above the surrounding valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is named for the Schooley family, Quaker landowners in the area during the 1790s.</p><br>
<p>The mountain air and the chalybeate springs on the mountain once made it a fashionable summer destination. For similar reasons, a state tuberculosis sanatorium was once located around Mount Kipp.</p><br>
<p>Many small iron mines were worked on the mountain in the late 19th century; remains of some are still visible today. Granite was also quarried from the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The main crossing at the mountain is Schooleys Mountain Road, formerly Washington Turnpike. General George Washington noted in his diary that he considered the route from "Dutch Valley to Schooleys Mountain a hazardous and round about thoroughfare."</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>While much of the flatter terrain on the ridge has been cultivated or, more recently, developed for residential housing, much of Schooleys Mountain is still wooded. On the northwest side, Cataract Park, along Schooleys Mountain Road (Route 24), preserves a waterfall and an old mine opening on the steep side of the ridge. Schooleys Mountain County Park, the former YMCA Camp Washington, encloses the valley of Long Valley and small Lake George on the southeastern side of the mountain. Lake George has been drained and dredged but swimming is no longer permitted. The Electric Brook runs from Lake George over several waterfalls in the park before it reaches the south branch of the Raritan River. The park offers boat rental and numerous amenities above and beyond hiking. One of the completed segments of Patriots&#39; Path runs through the park.</p><br>
<p>The Irishtown Bend Archeological District is an historic site located in the old Irishtown Bend neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. To protect the site while it is being excavated, its exact location has not been made public.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 19th century, this river flats district was a distinctly Irish neighborhood. The wealth of historical data available for this neighborhood, including census records, tax archives, city directories, church records and archeological evidence, provides an unusual opportunity to develop a comprehensive picture of this community. First generation Irish-immigrant laborers lived here from the 1850s through the 1880s. Beginning in the 1820s, Irish immigrants moved to the Ohio City area and were initially employed digging the Ohio and Erie Canal. Malaria was common at the time, but drainage was improved during the 1830s as Cleveland evolved into a major lake shipping port. The 1830s and 1840s brought continued prosperity to the port of Cleveland, but communicable diseases such as cholera were widespread in the low-lying Flats. As a result, low cost land was available for housing the workers who walked to the jobs on the docks.</p><br>
<h2>Ohio and Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor</h2><br>
<p>The number of Irish immigrants increased after the 1848 Irish potato famine, and many worked as unskilled laborers and dockworkers, and on the excavation of a new channel and mouth for the Cuyahoga River. In the 1850s, the area of Irishtown Bend 41&deg;29&prime;22.2&Prime;N latitude, 81&deg;42&prime;17.65&Prime;W longitude was established and dominated by the winding Cuyahoga River with its swampy flood plain. Houses were primarily one or two stories and built of wood.</p><br>
<p>As the second generation of Irish families obtained better-paying work, and dock work was increasingly mechanized, the Irish began moving out of the Flats. By 1900, more than half of this area&#39;s residents were of Eastern European origin, although the Irish families still owned many of the properties. Irishtown Bend was gradually abandoned; by 1910, more than a third of the homes had been torn down. In 1952, only 5 of the original 80 buildings were left standing.</p><br>
<p>Between 1987 and 1989, the Department of Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History began excavations by performing test excavations on three properties in the district. The histories of the three families: Connor, Connley and Quinn were determined through numerous sources, and the artifacts from the sites revealed the economic status of each family. The family that was best off financially had a piece of fine porcelain as well as a large set of dishes of the same pattern. They also ate chickens and drank more tea than their poorer neighbors. The poorest family&#39;s site yielded dishes of many different patterns (indicating they were purchased or gained one at-a-time rather than as a more expensive set) with many soup bowls, and cheap cuts of stew meat were predominant in their diet. Poor families did not eat their chickens - they sold the eggs that the chickens produced. The study also showed that middens associated with these Irish households suggest a lower rate of alcohol consumption than the average Cleveland household of the same period.</p><br>
<p>Today this area remains free of development and well preserved due to the area&#39;s soil type, shale bedrock and thick cover of vegetation. Although the buildings are no longer standing, and their remains covered over with demolition debris, substantial data can still be retrieved from the area illustrating life as it existed in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Irishtown Bend Archeological District is located along Riverbed Road and the west bank of the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. It is not open to the public, but can be seen from Riverbed Rd.</p><br>
<p>As the Irish of Cleveland began to join the middle class, they left Irishtown Bend and headed for the western suburbs of Lakewood, Fairview Park and West Park (now a neighborhood of Cleveland). Many of the houses they left behind were briefly inhabited by Hungarian immigrants, then abandoned again. Most of the structures were demolished; only a handful remain.</p><br>
<p>Between 1987 and 1989, an archeology team led by Al Lee of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History began to excavate the area, finding ceramics and personal effects with a distinct Irish flavor.</p><br>
<p>The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 25, 1990.</p><br>
<p>University, Hayes and Orton Halls are three historic buildings on the Oval at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. On July 16, 1970, they were added to the National Register of Historic Places under No. 70000492.</p><br>
<h2>University Hall</h2><br>
<p>The original University Hall was constructed in 1873, and contained a majority of the university functions, including both student and faculty housing. After being closed in 1968 for safety reasons, the building was completely torn down in 1971. At this time the old hall was removed from the National Register of Historic Places. The current University Hall was reconstructed in its place, taking an almost exact outward copy of the original building, but updating the inner workings. It was completed in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Hayes Hall</h2><br>
<p>The building is named after President Rutherford B. Hayes, who was also the governor of Ohio and advocated for a newly established land-grant university in Ohio. The construction date for Hayes Hall is 1893, making it the oldest remaining building on the Ohio State University campus. Built as a wood frame structure with a brick exterior that includes a distinctive carved stone archway at the center of its front façade, the original building included a basement and three stories of spaces to be occupied by students in Industrial Arts program, the Art Department and the Military Department who shared the building. Its original cost was approximately $55,000.</p><br>
<p>The main level of the building originally contained the public office for the Military Department and an extensive gun room that filled the rear wings of the building. Classrooms also occupied the spaces on either side of the main building. On the second floor, offices for the Art Department and the Rural Economics Office could be found, along with Art and Design classrooms and an indoor target range for the Military Department, found in the wing at the rear. Art classrooms and a large Engineering Drawing lab occupied the upper level and extra gun rooms and an officers’ room were located in the basement at the time of the building’s opening.</p><br>
<p>Hayes Hall got its name from Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States and three-time governor of Ohio, on November 17, 1891. President Hayes also served as a member of the OSU Board of Trustees. The association between President Hayes and land-grant education has to do with the fact that he served as the governor of Ohio at the time that the state accepted the federal Morrill Act, which established land-grant colleges including OSU across the country. The fact that Hayes strongly advocated for providing the students of Ohio with mechanical education further connected him to Hayes Hall since the building housed the initial Industrial Arts program on campus. The lower floor originally contained a foundry for the use of Industrial Arts students. Although Hayes knew of the naming of the building prior to his death in January, 1893, he never saw it completed. Hayes Hall was first occupied on February 1, 1893 after heat was finally supplied to the building.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the uses of Hayes Hall have changed. From its initial occupation by the Industrial Arts, Art and Military Departments through the twentieth century to today, as the home of the Department of Design, Art’s drawing studios and OSU general classrooms, many alterations have been made to the structure. A small portion of the northeast side of the building was demolished around 1936, and more extensive demolition of the wings that once housed the gun rooms in that same area occurred in the 1940s. A lean-to on the northwest side at the rear was also removed at that time. More modifications to the rear occurred in the 1970s when a new stair tower was added toward the back to enhance the building’s safety and efficiency and the lobby was dramatically altered by the removal of a pair of stairs that led to the building’s upper floors. Faculty offices were constructed in the two side wings of the main floor at that time. The building housed the History of Art Department throughout much of the latter part of the twentieth century and many alumni remember having classes in the reconfigured spaces on the upper two levels of the building at that time. While some of these changes have been furthered in two additional waves of renovation, much of the building is as it was laid out in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Despite the many changes that have occurred to Hayes Hall over its history, the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970 due to the fact that its front façade remains virtually untouched from its original appearance. Recent efforts to restore some of the eroding stonework on the arch and the stone steps leading to the building work toward maintaining Hayes Hall’s historic architectural integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Orton Hall</h2><br>
<p>Orton Hall, one of the oldest remaining buildings on Ohio State University campus, opened in 1893 and is named after Dr Edward Orton, Sr. who served as OSUs first president, Professor of Geology from 1873 to 1899, and Ohios State Geologist from 1882 until his death in 1899. Orton Hall is a tribute to this man&#39;s dedicated service towards the understanding of the geology of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Orton suffered a partially paralyzing stroke in 1891, but continued to work. Ohio State University constructed a geological pleasure dome in 1893, and named it Orton Hall, in tribute to Edward Orton&#39;s seminal contributions.</p><br>
<p>The Hall is built of forty different Ohio building stones. In the outside walls, these stones are laid in stratigraphic order according to their relative positions in Ohio&#39;s bedrock. The capitals of the numbered columns in the entrance hall feature carvings of fossils, such as trilobites, as well as other objects such as the races of Man. The bell tower was dedicated in 1915 and contains 25,000 pounds of bells that can be heard regularly tolling across campus in the key of E-flat. Encircling the top of the tower are 24 columns with gargoyle-like figures which are restorations of fossil animals.</p><br>
<p>Because of its unique architectural features, which have made it a campus landmark, Orton Hall has been entered into the National Register of Historic Places. It presently contains the School of Earth Science&#39;s offices and laboratories of Paleontology, Historical Geology and Sedimentology, the Orton Geological Museum, and the Orton Geological Library.</p><br>
<p>Orton Hall features a bell tower with 12 chimes that toll every 15 minutes to the tune of the Westminister Chimes. An instrumental depiction of the chimes features in an often heard arrangement of the school&#39;s alma mater, Carmen Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Pliva is relatively small river in central parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, however one of the most significant in terms of natural, cultural and historical heritage and value as a natural rarity. For hundreds of years this region was the ultimate stronghold of the Bosnian Kingdom, with town of Jajce as permanent seat of the last kings of Bosnian Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The entire region of Jajce is rich in natural heritage that cannot be viewed in isolation from the built heritage. In Jajce, these two components are closely intermingled.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The Pliva valley is located in the northern part of central Bosnia and Herzegovina and known for its tranquil mountains rich in forests and abundance of nature, wildlife and especially bodies of water. The valley is dominated by two unique rivers, the Pliva and the Janj and two natural lakes on the Pliva river.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrography and sectioning</h3><br>
<p>The Pliva river flows from West to East, is 33 kilometers long, and has an average discharge artificially set for a biological minimum of 3.0 m³ near town of Jajce at the waterfall site. Total watershed area of the Pliva is 768 km².</p><br>
<p>Its source is some 8 kilometers upstream of the town of Šipovo near Pljeva at the foot of the mountain of Smiljevac-Jastrebnjak, where the Pliva springs out from two very strong karstic springwells at 483 meters above seal level.</p><br>
<p>The main tributary of the Pliva is the Janj, that flows into the Pliva from the right, in the center of the town of Šipovo. At the confluence, both the Janj and the Pliva are approximately the same size, and both rivers have the same amount of water.</p><br>
<p>Some 12 kilometers downstream, at the village of Jezero, the Pliva flows into the largest of three lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake, then into two smaller lakes: Malo Plivsko Lake and Okruglo Lake.</p><br>
<p>After the Pliva river passes through the towns of Šipovo and Jezero, and through both Plivska lakes, it reaches the town of Jajce where it meets with the Vrbas river. The Pliva river is a left tributary of the Vrbas that, on its way north, flows into the Sava river, therefore the Pliva belongs to the Sava river basin.</p><br>
<h3>Geo-hydrology</h3><br>
<p>The river Pliva is characterized by the specific geological nature of the terrain and distinctive morphological and hydrological features, very similar as nearby Una River. The river bed of the Pliva, from the village of Jezero to its confluence with the Vrbas, consists of tufa also known as travertine which forms travertine barriers. In this area the Pliva river has created three natural lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake, Malo Plivsko Lake and Okruglo Lake lakes with countless low cascades and travertine barriers (tufa barriers), which causing these lakes to form, slowing the river and deepening it.</p><br>
<h2>Plivska lakes</h2><br>
<p>At the village of Jezero the Pliva flows into the larger of two lakes, Veliko Plivsko Lake (veliko meaning large), then into two smaller Malo Plivsko Lake (malo meaning small) and Okruglo Lake (okruglo meaning round). Both of the Pliva lakes lie in a basin of karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone, which has given rise to their most distinctive feature, same as nearby Una River in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Plitvice Lakes in Croatia. The lakes are separated by natural dams of travertine, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae and bacteria. The encrusted plants and bacteria accumulate on top of each other, forming travertine barriers which grow at the rate of about 1 cm per year.</p><br>
<h2>Plivski Waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>At the confluence with Vrbas, Pliva forms a magnificent 22 meters high Pliva Waterfall for which the town of Jajce is famous and along with numerous historic, cultural, architectural and natural monuments represent towns robust and valuable heretige and main attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Flyfishing</h2><br>
<p>The Pliva river is famous for its clean water, particularly near the source in the mountains and its richness in fish which makes the river so attractive for flyfishing, not just in Bosnia and Herzegovina but also in the region. A part of the 16th FIPS-Mouche European Fly Fishing Championship was held on the lake. The fishing societies Zlatovčica from Jajce and Jezero are managing the fishing from the lake to the confluence to Vrbas.</p><br>
<p>Okuchichibu Mountains or the Okuchichibu Mountainous Region, is a mountainous district in the Kantō region and Kōshin&#39;etsu region, Japan. It covers the western part of Tokyo, the western part of Saitama Prefecture, the southwestern part of Gunma Prefecture, the southeastern part of Nagano Prefecture, and the northern part of Yamanashi Prefecture. Oku  means the interior, Okuchichibu means the interior of chichibu . The meaning of the word Okuchichibu is based on the point of view from the Kantō region. This mountain area consists of folded mountains and ranges from 1000 to 2600 meters in height. Mount Kita Okusenjō is the highest at 2601m. Most of the range lies in the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park.</p><br>
<p>Some of the mountains in the Okuchichibu Mountains include:</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kumotori (2017 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Hiryū (2077 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Karamatsuo (2109 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kasatori (1953 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Suisho (2158 m)</p><br>
<p>* Karisaka Pass (2082 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Tokusa (2468 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kobushi (2475 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Sanpō (2483 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kokushi (2591 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kita Okusenjō (2601 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Asahi (2579 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kimpu (2599 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Mizugaki (2230 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Ogawa (2418 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Yokō (1818 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Meshimori (1643 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Azumaya (772 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Ryōkami (1723 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Nanten (1483 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Chichibu-ontake (1081 m)</p><br>
<p>* Nakatsu Valley</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Mitsumine</p><br>
<p>** (Mt. Myōhō 1332 m, Mt. Shiraiwa 1921 m, Mt. Kumotori 2017 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Hakutai (1794 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Myōhō (1332 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kirimo (1523 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Shiraiwa (1921 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kumakura (1427 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Wanakura (2036 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mikuni Pass (1740 m)</p><br>
<p>* Jūmonji Pass (2000 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Gorō (2132 m)</p><br>
<p>* Nishizawa Gorge</p><br>
<p>* Higashizawa Gorge</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kurogane (2232 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kentoku (2031 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mt. Kurakake (1777 m)</p><br>
<p>* Mikubo Plateau (1650 m)</p><br>
<p>Werowocomoco was a town that served as the headquarters of the Powhatan, a Virginia Algonquian political and spiritual leader when the English founded Jamestown in 1607. The name Werowocomoco comes from the Powhatan werowans , meaning "leader" in English; and komakah , "settlement". The town was documented by English settlers in 1608 as located near the north bank of the York River in what is now Gloucester County. It was separated by that river and the narrow Virginia Peninsula from the English settlement of Jamestown, located on the James River.</p><br>
<p>Powhatan&#39;s Chimney at Wicomico, a site of historical ruins associated with a house purported to have been built for Powhatan, was long thought to have been the site of this capital. Its probable true site was tentatively identified by archaeologists in 2003 at a site on Purtan Bay, further west on the York River. Their survey and excavations revealed extensive artifacts, with habitation from the 13th into the 17th century. Its first settlement was dated about CE, with complex earthworks built about 1400 CE.</p><br>
<p>The area that the Native Americans considered Werowocomoco may have included both the newly identified Purtan Bay site and the site of Powhatan&#39;s Chimney site. The Gloucester County Board of Supervisors noted that in the Algonquian language the designation for the village of the chief was not a place name, but more correctly translated as a reference to the lands where he lived. The culture frequently relocated quarters within a general area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Powhatan</h3><br>
<p>Werowocomoco first became known to the early English settlers of Virginia as the residence of Wahunsenacawh or Wahunsonacock, the paramount weroance of the area. He and his people were known to them as Powhatan, a name derived from his native village, the small settlement of Powhatan, meaning the falls of the river, at the fall line of the James River (the present-day Powhatan Hill neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia later developed on the site). It is unknown when Wahunsenacawh/Powhatan moved to Werowocomoco. As a place already well-known to his people as a regional center, he may have wanted to make use of it because of its association with previous Native American leaders. While residing there, he received tribute from several Virginia Algonquian tribes in return for providing food in times of famine, military protection, and spiritual powers. Additionally, he distributed sacred materials such as copper and certain colors of shell beads. Werowocomoco was the site of several interactions between Powhatan and the English colonists.</p><br>
<h3>Pocahontas and Captain John Smith</h3><br>
<p>Werowocomoco is best known as the site where John Smith, who had been captured by Powhatans brother Opechancanough while foraging along the Chickahominy River, was taken to meet Powhatan in December 1607. According to Smiths 1624 account, now disputed by most scholars, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, prevented her father from executing Smith at that time. Historians have been skeptical of this account, as Smith did not refer to this purported incident in earlier accounts (1608 and 1612) of the meeting, first recording it only some seventeen years later. By that time Pocahontas had both become a celebrity in England due to her 1616–17 visit there and had died, which allowed Smith to exploit their previous and perhaps actually slight acquaintance without contradiction from her. A few historians allowing the incident may have been factually based believe Smith may have misinterpreted a ritual intended to adopt Smith into a tribal family.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>In the early years of the English colony, the settlers suffered severely during the winter, a period known as the Starving Time. In December 1608, Powhatan offered to sell them an entire "shipload of corn in exchange for a grindstone, fifty swords, some guns, a cock and a hen, copper and beads, and some men to build him an English-style house." Smith affected to accept this proposal but instead of giving Powhatan weapons planned to surprise him and take the corn by force. Sending four "Dutchmen" (Germans) ahead by land to work on the house, Smith headed for Werowocomoco by sea on December 29 with a small force. Powhatan may also have been showing bad faith; while en route, Smith received a report at Warraskoyack that the chief was plotting an ambush of his party.</p><br>
<p>After many stops, Smith arrived at Werowocomoco on January 12, 1609. The next day he was taken to see progress on Powhatans new house in the vicinity. Smiths men and Powhatans, after failing to persuade each other to disarm, each tried to ambush the other during the negotiations. After these feints, the English had their corn. Smiths party traveled up the Pamunkey River to trade with Powhatan&#39;s brother Opechancanough, whom they threatened at gunpoint to gain food supplies. On returning to Werowocomoco a few days later, they were surprised to find the house unfinished and the entire town abandoned, for which they blamed the Germans. More likely, Powhatan had decided to move to an area less accessible to the troublesome colonists.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Powhatan made Orapakes his new headquarters; it was located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River (near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295). Subsequently, between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River. After Powhatan&#39;s death in 1618, Opechancanough succeeded him as paramount chief, though controlling a smaller number of tribes than Powhatan had ruled. He used nearby Youghtanund as his capital, which served, as had Werowocomoco, as the place where he accepted tribute from subject tribes.</p><br>
<h3>Evidence of location</h3><br>
<p>The location of Werowocomoco was lost from English memories during the 17th century. Scholars believed West Point (a town established at the confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers at the headwaters of the York River) seemed to meet a description of the Powhatan village in the writings of colonist John Smith:</p><br>
<p>"Fourteene myles from the river Powhatan is the river Pamunkee, which is navaginable 60 or 70 myles, but with Cathes and small Barkes 30 or 40 myles further. At the ordinary flowing of the salt water, it divideth itself into two gallent branches. On the South side inhabited the people Toughtamand, who haue about 60 men for warres. On the North branch Mattapoment, who has 30 men. Where the river is divided the Country is called Pamaunkee, and nourisheth neare 300 able men. About 25 myles lower on the North side of this river is Werawocomoco, where their great king inhabited when I was delivered him prisoner; yet there are not past 40 able men."(sic)</p><br>
<h3>Powhatan's Chimney</h3><br>
<p>In later years, local people thought that Werowocomoco was located near Powhatans Chimney, about 25 mi east of present-day West Point, Virginia in the area of Timberneck Bay, slightly upstream on the York River from Gloucester Point. The chimney on the site was associated with the uncompleted house John Smith witnessed being constructed for Powhatan, which in local legend became a house built by Smith for Powhatan at the latters regional village. For this reason, English settlers and their descendants called the area Werowocomoco. Its name was changed to a shorter version, Wicomico, by the US Post Office for ease of use when a post office was established at the village.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery</h3><br>
<p>In 1977, Daniel Mouer, an archaeologist at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), identified as the possible location of Werowocomoco a site further west along the York River at Purtan Bay, less than 25 mi from West Point and 15 mi from Jamestown, about 7 mi west of Gloucester. When he collected artifacts from the surface of plowed fields and along the beach, he found fragments of Indian ceramics ranging in time from the Late Woodland Period up to European contact. These indicated that this area was the "possible site of Werowocomoco." Based on his findings, the area was designated a Virginia Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the Ripleys, then the landowners of the site, authorized additional archaeological exploration of their property. They had already found many ancient projectile points on the surface. Between March 2002 and April 2003, archaeologists conducted a comprehensive archaeological survey of a portion of the property. Initial testing included digging 603 test holes, each 12 to 16 in deep and 50 ft apart. They found thousands of artifacts throughout the site, indicating that it had integrity and had not been much disturbed. These finds included a blue bead possibly made in Europe for trading.</p><br>
<p>Because these findings showed substantial, extended 50 acre settlement and accorded with historical descriptions, they suggested this farm was the former site of Werowocomoco. "We believe we have sufficient evidence to confirm that the property is indeed the village of Werowocomoco", said Randolph Turner, director of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources Portsmouth Regional Office in 2003. Studies of the early mapping evidence also support scholars conclusions.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, a team of archaeologists and related researchers has been working at this site. They and the landowners initiated consultation with the Virginia Council on Indians to plan and execute excavations on the site. Representatives of local Virginia Indian tribes, some of whom are descendants of the tributary tribes of Powhatan, continue to advise the research. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In the future, scholars hope to find more evidence about the political nature of the Powhatan polity.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed future federal budget funding to acquire this site in Gloucester County to make it part of the National Park System. Under this proposal, Werowocomoco would be formally opened to public visitation under the management of the National Park Service. The National Park Service completed acquisition of the property in the summer of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Werowocomoco archeological site</h2><br>
<p>Thane Harpole and David Brown, two Gloucester-based archaeologists, have been instrumental in the work at the Purtan Bay site since 2002. Starting that year, the Werowocomoco Research Group was formed to begin excavations. The Research Group is a collaborative effort of the College of William and Mary, and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, advised by eastern Virginia tribes.</p><br>
<p>The excavations revealed a dispersed community of about 50 acre, occupied from the 13th through the early 17th century (Woodland to early Contact). Artifacts recovered include Native pottery and stone tools, as well as floral and faunal remains from a large residential community. The Research Group has also recovered numerous English trade goods, produced from glass, copper, and other metals, which came from Jamestown. This conforms to colonists&#39; accounts of trading at Werowocomoco; they noted that Powhatan was very interested in English objects, particularly copper, during the early days of the Jamestown colony.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, researchers discovered two large earthworks: curving ditches, each more than 200 ft in length and located about 1,000 ft from the river. They may be part of a D-shaped construction noted on John Smith&#39;s 1612 map. The researchers have determined the ditches dated from about 1400 CE, indicating Virginia Indians had established long-term settlement at this site more than 200 years prior to the English arrival at Jamestown. Earthwork constructions were often integral to ceremonial centers, and these may have defined or separated a sacred area. Continuing discoveries from excavations are helping scholars understand Virginia Indian-European relations. The period of interaction at this site was brief in relation to the many hundreds of years of prior indigenous settlement.</p><br>
<p>This project is notable because archaeologists and other researchers have carefully incorporated consultation about planning and executing the excavations with members of the local recognized Virginia Indian tribes. These include the Mattaponi, Pamunkey, and Upper Mattaponi, some of whose people consider such sites sacred, as they include burial artifacts of their ancestors.</p><br>
<p>Because of the significance of the excavations, in 2006 the Werwomocomo Archaeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<p>Mount Augusta, also designated Boundary Peak 183, is a high peak of the Saint Elias Mountains on the border between the USA state of Alaska and the Canadian territory of Yukon.</p><br>
<p>Mount Augusta lies about 25 km south of Mount Logan and 25 km east of Mount Saint Elias, respectively the first and second highest mountains in Canada. It forms the eastern end of the long ridge of which Mount Saint Elias is the center and highest point.</p><br>
<p>The Seward Glacier starts to the north of the peak, separating it from Mount Logan, and then flows around the east side of the peak, forming the gap between Augusta and the peaks surrounding Mount Cook. It then continues south to join the Malaspina Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The eastward slopes around the Base of the mountain are home to a small tribe of indigenous people.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>Mount Augusta was named in 1891 by I.C. Russell of the USGS, for his wife J. Augusta Olmsted Russell.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Features</h2><br>
<p>In terms of pure elevation, Mount Augusta is not particularly notable, being one of the lowest fourteeners in the United States; it is therefore quite overshadowed by its huge neighbors Saint Elias and Logan. However, it is a huge peak in terms of local relief, since it lies so close to low terrain (and in fact close to tidewater). For example, it drops 10,000 feet (3,050m) to the Seward Glacier on the southeast side of the peak in approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km).</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>1952 North Ridge (the eastern of two north ridges), FA of peak by Peter Schoening, Victor Josendal, Bill Niendorf, Richard E. McGowen, Bob Yeasting, Gibson Reynolds, Tom Morris, Verl Rogers, summitting on July 4.</p><br>
<p>1987 a party led by noted Canadian mountaineer Don Serl ascended a route on the North Rib and West Ridge.</p><br>
<p>1990 South Ridge. Mark Bebie (USA) and Bill Pilling reached the summit after a climb of six days.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College  is an arts center located just north of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. Located on the same city block are the American Numismatic Association and part of the campus of Colorado College.</p><br>
<p>The center uses a thick red outline of a square as its logo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With $600,000, Alice Bemis Taylor funded the 1936 construction of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center and provided a $400,000 donation for an endowment. It was built on property owned by the Broadmoor Art Academy. Constructed during the Great Depression, Taylor saw the project as a means of employment for unemployed laborers. Taylor donated her extensive Indian and Hispanic art and her collection of 6,000 volumes of Americana. She envisioned a place that would be accessible to all people, with no admission charge. The Broadmoor Art School previously stood on the grounds of the current art center, on land donated by Julie Penrose. Elizabeth Sage Hare also collaborated with Taylor and Penrose on the building which became a center for a museum, art school and performing arts venue for the growing city.</p><br>
<p>The fine arts center was designed by New Mexico architect John Gaw Meem who works often combined Pueblo Revival Style and Spanish Colonial into "Santa Fe Style" architecture. In 1940, Meem&#39;s most modern design earned a Silver Medal at the Fifth Quadrennial Pan American Congress of Architecture. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>At the original Grand Opening in April 1936, Martha Graham performed Lamentation-Dance of Sorrow; "art icon Alexander Calder executed the stage design for an operetta; and Frank Lloyd Wright lectured on the new building." Art luminaries Boardman Robinson and Robert Motherwell were early teachers at the art school.</p><br>
<p>About the Fine Arts Center/Colorado College Alliance. On Aug. 24, 2016, the boards of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center and Colorado College approved an alliance between both institutions. Following outreach that included listening sessions and a web-based comment process, the Strategic Planning Committee charged subcommittees to continue reaching out to identify strategic themes, goals, and initiatives to develop as the center and the college integrate their programs. Each subcommittee held community listening and small-group sessions to seek input. In all, the five committees held 40 meetings; and more than 800 comments were gathered. The Strategic Planning Committee used the reports to produce one overall plan. Following another round of community feedback, the Oversight Committee adopted the plan on June 14, 2017. On July 1, 2017, the center become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College. A four-year transition period focuses on the museum 2017, Bemis Art School in 2018 and the performing arts in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fine Arts Center is a modern poured concrete Pueblo structure that integrates Southwestern, Art Deco and Classic architectural elements. It has one, two and, for the theatre fly tower, four stories. Within the building are galleries, art studios, performing art facilities including a 450-seat theater, a library, music room, museum shop and storage and office space. The murals on the exterior of the building were produced by Boardman Robinson and Frank Mechau.</p><br>
<p>For the National Register of Historic Places, it was described as follows:</p><br>
<p>Its monolithic pueblo massing, its undisguised modern use of concrete, aluminum and glass; its southwestern details, its Native American designs abstracted into Art Deco ornamentation; its streamlined elegance; and its classical proportions - all result in a timeless character - with fundamental roots to the region and the time as well as manifesting an innovative architectural reflectionof the building’s underlying function, which is to preserve culture and to honor the contemporary.</p><br>
<p>It borders Monument Valley Park and has a view of Pikes Peak. It is near the city’s business district, in a combined residential and office building zone, in the Colorado College campus. Its well-preserved state, reflects the initial building construction with maintenance and restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Arts center</h2><br>
<p>The multi-purpose center includes:</p><br>
<p>Taylor Museum - Several galleries, where the permanent collection of Southwest art is displayed, in addition to other permanent works and traveling shows.</p><br>
<p>The Performing Arts department&#39;s SaGāJi Theatre, the Fine Arts Center Theatre Company, produces comedies, dramas and musicals. It also hosts music and dance events and film festivals.</p><br>
<p>Bemis School of Art offers art education to the local community, with seven new art studios as of 2007. It offers classes for adults and children. Four times a year it holds free "Family Adventure Days".</p><br>
<p>Taste and the Deco Lounge</p><br>
<p>Admission is free to members.</p><br>
<h3>Notable pieces and exhibits</h3><br>
<p>Dale Chihuly chandeliers.</p><br>
<p>One of the country&#39;s "strongest collections" of Native American, Latin American and Hispanic American art.</p><br>
<p>Notable artists within the FAC permanent collection include: John Singer Sargent, Georgia O&#39;Keeffe, Richard Diebenkorn, Walt Kuhn, and Ansel Adams.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2006, the center was expanded by more than 48,000 square feet. A new wing was constructed adjacent to the Centers Bemis School of Art to add studio space for classrooms and rehearsal spaces for the newly name SaGaJi Theatre. A new building was constructed that now provides modern exhibition space for the Centers museum. There are large expanses of gallery spaces reserved exclusively for American Indian, Latin American and American art. It was designed by award-winning architect David Tryba and built to American Alliance of Museums standards.</p><br>
<h2>Notable students</h2><br>
<p>Robert Beauchamp</p><br>
<p>Eric Bransby</p><br>
<p>Veronica Helfensteller</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Homestead, located at 527 Washington Street, in the village of Newton Corner, in Newton, Massachusetts, is an historic house that served as a station on the Underground Railroad before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1809 in the Federal style by Timothy Jackson (1756–1814) on his family&#39;s farm. His son William Jackson (1763–1855) lived in it from 1820 until his death. William Jackson was an abolitionist and was active in politics on the local, state and national levels and served in the United States Congress from 1833 to 1837. The home was occupied by his family until 1932 when it was rented out. In 1949 it was given to the city of Newton and in 1950 the Newton History Museum was established there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1646, Edward Jackson bought a 500-acre farm which covered much of Newton Corner and Newtonville. In about 1670, he built a house on the side of east side of Smelt Brook, on the site of the present Homestead. The south-facing house was a saltbox: two stories in front and one at the back. Originally 22 by 18 feet. There were two kitchens and a bedroom on the lower floor, two chambers on the second, and two further bedrooms in the attic. The house, which was never painted, either inside or out, took water from a well sheltered by a large elm tree.17 feet were added to the house either by Edward’s son Sebas or, later, by his grandson, Joseph. As was not uncommon, there were always two generations living in the house, and the addition was probably to provide for a second family.</p><br>
<p>In 1809, Major Timothy Jackson decided to replace the old homestead with “a fine house for the (modern) times”. He designed and helped build a large, two-family house, hoping that his youngest son, Edmund, would possibly move into it if he married. The house was a great improvement on the original, featuring such improvements as an inside well, a laundry, storeroom and ell, magnificent fireplaces with huge mantelpieces, a great staircase and airy, small private bedchambers on the second floor, with a large, useful garrett extending on top of the entire house. Timothy Jackson had built what is now known today as the Jackson Homestead.</p><br>
<p>After Timothy Jr’s death, his estate was divided among his sons. William Jackson struck deals with his brothers, buying the shares from Edmund and George, and made a "division" with Francis and Stephen, according to which they took the land to the south of Washington street and he received the homestead and everything to the north. Adjustments were made to the house, most notably the creation and splitting of bedrooms, to accommodate the large family, the house was painted yellow with the same cream trim and green shutters the Homestead has today, and central heating would eventually be installed in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>By the 1900s, the Jackson Homestead began using municipal water rather from their indoor well. Under the direction of Louise Keith, William’s granddaughter, major renovations were carried out. Modern plumbing was installed in the bathroom and kitchen, all of which were connected to the city sewers. Wooden ceiling beams were reinforced with iron braces and seventy-six new panels of glass were installed. The interior of the house was repainted, and the exterior of the house was painted white for the first time.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Frances (Hatch) Paine, gave the homestead to the City of Newton for educational, recreational, and other public purposes. The Homestead became the CIty Museum, and a number of changes have been made, most notably the remodelling of the ell in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Current Status</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Jackson Homestead has transitioned into a museum known as the Jackson Homestead and Museum. It is operated by Historic Newton, whose mission is to "inspire discovery and engagement by illuminating our community’s stories within the context of American history". The Jackson Homestead and Museum displays rotating and permanent exhibits about the history of Newton, Massachusetts, and the Underground Railroad. The Homestead is also home to the archives of Historic Newton.</p><br>
<p>On June 4, 1973, the Jackson Homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Great Crag is a fell in the English Lake District, located near the hamlets of Rosthwaite and Stonethwaite in Borrowdale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The higher slopes are heather-covered and quite rocky, while the lower steep slopes on the Borrowdale side are covered by a mature oak wood. Half a kilometre south-east of the summit lies the attractive Dock Tarn which is often visited by walkers on their way to or from Great Crag.</p><br>
<p>At 440 metres (1,444 ft), Great Crag is not high by Lake District standards, and its small topographic prominence means that it is essentially a minor summit on the broad north-western slopes of Ullscarf. However, its rocky summit stands out amid the relatively featureless moorland and is the culmination of a steep slope rising out of Borrowdale; this ensures that it is considered a fell in its own right, and it is given this status in Alfred Wainwright&#39;s Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is composed of the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation with the andesitic lapilli-tuff of the Wet Side Edge Member outcropping to the south. Small intrusions of dolerite are also present.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents of Great Crag can be started from the hamlets of Rosthwaite, Stonethwaite or Watendlath. The Rosthwaite route uses the bridleway to Watendlath until the highest point is reached then goes southerly over boggy moorland and then more firmer rocky ground to reach the summit. The Stonethwaite path climbs steeply through woodland before reaching Dock Tarn; it is then a short ascent from the tarn north-westwards to the summit. These two routes can be combined to make a circular walk starting and finishing in Rosthwaite. The ascent from Watendlath utilises the popular path to Dock Tarn which has been diverted by signposts to avoid the worst of the boggy ground to the north of the fell; this path takes the walker very close to the summit and it is a simple climb through heather to attain the highest point.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highest point of the fell is difficult to ascertain as there are two tops of very similar height marked by cairns. The view from the top is not extensive but there is a good prospect of Borrowdale with the higher fells behind.</p><br>
<p>West Branch Pine Creek is a tributary of Pine Creek in Potter County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 17.0 mi long and flows through Summit Township, West Branch Township, and Galeton.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>West Branch Pine Creek begins in Summit Township. It flows east-southeast for approximately half a mile before turning southeast in a valley. After several miles, the creek briefly turns east for a short distance before entering West Branch Township. It then turns southeast again before turning roughly east-northeast and receiving the tributary Hopper House Hollow. Slightly further downstream, the creek receives the tributary Sunken Branch. It picks up the tributaries Indian Run and Lyman Run and continues in approximately the same direction as its valley widens. The creek receives several more tributaries before entering the community of Galeton. After a few tenths of a mile, it reaches its confluence with Pine Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>West Branch Pine Creek is fairly similar to the upper reaches of Pine Creek. The valley of West Branch Pine Creek is fairly narrow and contains forests, pastures, abandoned farms, and some houses and camps. there are strainers and possibly some fences on the creek.</p><br>
<p>West Branch Pine Creek lacks a gauging station.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to canoe on 6.9 mi of West Branch Pine Creek during snowmelt and within four days of heavy rain. The difficulty rating of the creek is 2 and it is considered to be suitable for novice canoers. Edward Gertler describes the scenery along it as "good" in his book Keystone Canoeing.</p><br>
<p>Young Womans Creek is an 11.3 mi tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Right Branch</h2><br>
<p>The northernmost branches of the creek are the County Line Branch and the Dyer Branch, which joins the County Line Branch in the midst of Susquehannock State Forest. The Wilcox Branch has its origins further south, running along the east side of Lecox Ridge in the forest, and emptying into the County Line Branch just south of the Potter County line, in Clinton County. By this time, the converging branches both lie in deep, wooded gorges. The Baldwin Branch rises to the east near the Pump Station Fire Tower and reaches the County Line Branch a little below the last confluence, forming the main stream of the Right Branch. Benson Run discharges into the Baldwin Branch a little above the confluence.</p><br>
<p>The valley is now somewhat wider, but very steep-sided. Lebo Run empties into it a little further below, and then Laurel Fork. Bull Run enters the creek just before it enters Sproul State Forest and meets McUrquoy Run. Summerson Run and then Shaney Brook also enter it before it leaves the state forest, and, just below, joins the Left Branch to form the main stream.</p><br>
<h2>Left Branch</h2><br>
<p>The Left Branch arises in a natural gas field in Potter County. Flowing southward through Susquehannock State Forest in a deep and narrow gorge, it is joined by Spring Brook and Greenlick Run, and then the Shingle Branch. Hollows made by smaller streams appear along both sides of the canyon.</p><br>
<p>The Osborne Branch arises to the west of the Left Branch in the gas field, and is soon joined by the small Scout Branch, rising further to the west, and then by the westernmost Porter Branch to form the Shingle Branch and enter Sproul State Forest. The Shingle Branch is at first somewhat crooked and marked by hollows, but the lower part of its course is straight and steep to the junction with the Left Branch.</p><br>
<p>South of the confluence, Mudlick Run is the last named tributary before the Left Branch exits the State Forest and joins the Right Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Main Stream Young Woman's Creek</h2><br>
<p>The main stream runs along the west side of Summerson Mountain through Gleasonton and North Bend before joining the West Branch Susquehanna River just downstream of Renovo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The watershed is largely uninhabited, and is heavily forested by pine and hemlock. The Mensch & Lowenstein partnership ran a narrow gauge logging railroad three or four miles up the Right Branch from Gleasonton to supply their sawmill there, 1872&ndash;1878.</p><br>
<p>From 1893&ndash;1903, the North Bend and Kettle Creek Railroad (standard gauge) had extensive logging operations on both branches, and the Slate Run Railroad (3-foot gauge) operated on the upper part of the County Line Branch for some time between 1886&ndash;1910.</p><br>
<p>Echo Bridge is a historic masonry bridge spanning the Charles River between Needham to Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts, and Ellis Street in Newton. The bridge carries the Sudbury Aqueduct and foot traffic, and is located in the Hemlock Gorge Reservation. At the time of its construction in 1875–1877 it was the second longest masonry arch in the country. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was named an American Water Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bridge crosses over Hemlock Gorge where the Charles River passes over the fall line in Newton Upper Falls. There are still old mill buildings in view from the bridge, but most of the gorge remains naturally overgrown with hemlocks. The bridge has two viewing locations, the pedestrian walk on top of the bridge and a platform underneath where visitors can hear the eponymous echoes. Views include white water, a waterfall and the hemlock-lined gorge. The 23 acre Hemlock Gorge Reservation including the gorge is maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The bridge is located just off Route 9 where it crosses Route 128. Despite being in the midst of a tangle of highways (a major interchange of the Massachusetts Turnpike is also nearby), the river itself is tree-lined and natural.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is 500 ft long, and consists of a series of seven arches. The longest of these, that crosses the Charles, has a span of 137 ft, and is a segmented arch with a radius of 69 ft and a crown of 51 ft. Five of the arches span 37 ft, while that spanning Ellis Street is 28 ft. At its crown the bridge is approximately 70 ft above the river. The bridge&#39;s foundations are made of granite resting on bedrock.</p><br>
<p>Echo Bridge underwent extensive renovations in 2006 and was closed to the public for much of the year; it has been reopened.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct, which has been serving only as an emergency backup for some years, was reactivated during a state of emergency declared on May 1, 2010. The line was used to carry clean water to parts of 38 communities affected by a catastrophic failure elsewhere in the MWRA system.</p><br>
<p>Comedian/UFC Host Joe Rogan smoked his first and only cigarette here.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Ascension is an Episcopal church in the Diocese of New York, located at 36–38 Fifth Avenue and West 10th Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan New York City. It was built in 1840–41, the first church to be built on Fifth Avenue and was designed by Richard Upjohn in the Gothic Revival style. The interior was remodeled by Stanford White in 1885–88.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s parish house, at 12 West 11th Street between Fifth Avenue and the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue), was originally built in 1844 as a residence, and was altered to its current state in 1888–89 by McKim, Mead and White in a Northern Renaissance-inspired style.</p><br>
<p>The church became a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Both the church and parish house are part of the Greenwich Village Historic District, designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Ascension was first organized in 1827, – was one of the early Greek Revival buildings in the city, designed by the citys first professional architectural firm, Town & Thompson, the partnership of Ithiel Town and Martin Euclid Thompson. Built in 1828–29, the church burned down in 1839, prompting the move to the parishs current location and church. Until the new church was completed, the parish met in a number of places for two years.</p><br>
<p>Not long after the church opened, on June 26, 1844, United States President John Tyler married Julia Gardiner.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, under then-rector James Cotton Smith, the parish began a mission church – originally the Chapel of the Shepherd&#39;s Flock, later the Ascension Memorial Chapel – at 249 West 43rd Street, building a sanctuary there in 1895. This acquired the nickname of "The Little Brick Church in Times Square".</p><br>
<p>In response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the rector Donald Bradshaw Aldrich opened the doors of the church 24-hours a day for prayer and meditation, earning the church the name "The Church of the Open Door". This policy was in effect for decades: about 30,000 people visited the church in the 1960s. Although the doors are not still open around the clock, the stained-glass windows are illuminated at night.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Richard Upjohn&#39;s design for the church is "closely related" to his designs for Trinity Church (Manhattan), which began construction slightly earlier, in 1839, and Christ Church in Brooklyn, which came afterwards. The brownstone church is symmetrical, and features a square tower.</p><br>
<p>Stanford White&#39;s interior design was "one of the great collaborative efforts of the era", and features a pulpit designed by Charles Follen McKim; mosaics by D. Maitland Armstrong; a marble reredos by Louis Saint-Gaudens, the brother of Augustus Saint-Gaudens; several stained glass windows by John LaFarge and his altar mural The Ascension, a 30 ft by 35 ft piece</p><br>
<p>The parish house designed by McKim, Mead and White took a previously existing building and turned it into a Northern Renaissance-inspired building of yellow brick with bottle-glass windows.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>The church has had a series of organs since its construction in 1840–41. The current organ is The Manton Memorial Organ which was dedicated on May 1, 2011. The organ was built by Pascal Quoirin of St. Didier in Provence, France. It is the first organ built in France to be installed in New York City and replaced a Holtkamp Organ Company instrument built in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Mount Crillon is a high peak of the Fairweather Range, the southernmost part of the Saint Elias Mountains. It lies southeast of Mount Fairweather, in the promontory between the Gulf of Alaska and Glacier Bay. It is included in Glacier Bay National Park. The peak was named after Felix-Francois-Dorothee de Bretton, Comte de Crillon, by his friend, the French explorer Jean Francois de Galaup de la Perouse.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mount Crillon lies about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Mount Fairweather. It is near the southern end of the Fairweather Range, with only one 10,000 foot (3,050m) peak, Mount La Perouse, lying south of it. It is 10 mi due east of the head of Lituya Bay, a small inlet of the Gulf of Alaska, which is itself part of the Pacific Ocean. The North and South Crillon Glaciers flow west from the peak toward Lituya Bay. The La Perouse Glacier flows south from the peak. The north side of the peak forms the head of the southern branch of the Johns Hopkins Glacier, which empties into Johns Hopkins Inlet, off of Glacier Bay. To the east of the peak lies the large icefield which forms the head of the Brady Glacier, the southernmost of the large glaciers of the Saint Elias Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Mount Crillon drops 9,000 ft in less than 4 mi on both its north and west faces. Due to its proximity to the ocean, it is often subject to harsh weather.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Crillon is not climbed frequently, since it is an extremely challenging climb for its elevation due to its isolation. The first ascent was in 1934, by explorer Bradford Washburn on his third attempt, and longtime editor of the American Alpine Journal H. Adams Carter. They climbed via the East Ridge above the Plateau, reaching the summit on 19 July 1934.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hesperus is the highest peak of the Revelation Mountains, the westernmost subrange of the Alaska Range. The Revelations are a small, rarely visited range, but they contain dramatic rock peaks, rising from low bases. Mount Hesperus is particularly impressive in terms of local relief: for example, it drops over 7,500 feet  in less than 2 miles  on two sides. Such steepness for this amount of relief makes Hesperus comparable to the best peaks in North America.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hesperus lies to the north of most of the other peaks of the Revelation Mountains, between two forks of the Big River. To the southwest of the peak lies the Revelation Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The peak is over 100 miles from the closest significant airport.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Mount Hesperus was on May 2, 1985, by Justin Lesueur (New Zealand) and Karl Swanson, Stephen Spalding (Alaska). They first attempted routes on the northeast side of the peak, and then successfully ascended a route on the southwest face, which involved snow climbing, some rock bands, a frozen waterfall, and an icy, corniced ridge.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<p>Maja Jezercë , is the highest peak in the entire Dinaric Alps, the second highest in Albania and the seventh highest in the Balkans, standing at 2,694 m above sea level. However, Maja Jezercë is the 28th most prominent mountain peak in the European continent.</p><br>
<p>Maja Jezercë is situated within the Albanian Alps, that is noted for its southernmost glaciers in Europe. Apart from certain areas north of the peak, the limestone mountain massif is part of the National Parks of Theth and Valbonë Valley. It can be climbed from the north; most climbers come from Gusinje in Montenegro as well as from Theth.</p><br>
<p>The summit is 5 km from the border with Montenegro, between the Valleys of Valbonë to the east and the Shala to the west. In part, the whole floor between the valley of Valbonë, Shala, Ropojana and Maja Roshit 2,522 m is known as Jezercë, in addition to the peak, Jezercës borders other peaks such as the Maja e Popljuces (2,569 metres) and the Maja Ali 2,471 m in the west, Maja Rrogamit 2,478 m to the east, Maja Kolajet 2,498 m, Maja Malësores 2,490 m, Maja Bojs 2,461 m in the northwest,</p><br>
<p>Maja Kokervhake 2,508 m and Maja Etheve 2,393 m in the north.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Maja Jezercë is the Albanian name, which is derived from the Slavic word, probably more specifically from Serbian jezero ("lake"), and Albanian word maja ("top" or "peak"), meaning "peak of Jezero". In Slavic, including Serbian Jezerski Vrh means "lake peak". The toponym refers to the cirque lakes in the lower part of the Buni i Jezercës on the northern side of the mountain. During the Communist era in Albania it had been given the name of Maja e Rinisë (Mountain of Youth), which never stuck.</p><br>
<h2>Topology</h2><br>
<p>Jezerca is a large rocky peak of dolomitic limestone. There is almost no vegetation there. North, east and west of the mountain top is in great cirque from that in the glacial periods when glaciers were more extensive than today. Today the northern cirque is called Buni i Jezercës at a height of 1980 metres and 2,100 metres in height around 400 metres. Because it is located in the wettest region of Europe with around 6 m of rainfall equivalent believed to fall on the western slopes, snowfall is so large that only in dry years do even the less exposed sections melt away.</p><br>
<p>The Shinnecock Canal  is a canal that cuts across the South Fork of Long Island at Hampton Bays, New York. At 4,700 ft long, it connects Great Peconic Bay and the north fork of Long Island with Shinnecock Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The canal opened to traffic in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Although "the Hamptons" officially begins about 10 mi west at Westhampton, New York, the Shinnecock Canal in popular imagination marks the beginning of the Hamptons since traffic is funneled across two highway bridges (Sunrise Highway and Montauk Highway) or the Long Island Rail Road bridge.</p><br>
<p>Talk of building a canal on Shinnecock Creek had gone on for years and a popular myth says the Shinnecock Indian Nation and Montaukett Native Americans built the original canal in the 17th century. The canal’s location is specifically called Canoe Place because of this.</p><br>
<p>A Canal lock system had to be built in 1919 to alleviate dramatic differences in height between the two bays. The Peconic Bay to the north can be three feet higher than Shinnecock Bay. Further, the two bays have opposite tide cycles.</p><br>
<p>The lock system now is the only navigation lock operating on Long Island.</p><br>
<p>The lock increased the salinity levels in Shinnecock Bay which had nearly assumed fresh water proportions and was resulting in a dying off of its shell fish population even though it was separated from the Atlantic by a narrow barrier island.</p><br>
<p>Shinnecock Bay’s salinity levels were solidified during Great Hurricane of 1938 which broke through the barrier island to form Shinnecock Inlet almost due south of the canal. The new inlet has created a short cut to the Atlantic that is now used by 27,000 boats per year.</p><br>
<p>The canal itself varies in width from 100 to 180 ft. The lock is 41 ft wide and 250 ft long. The lowest bridge is the fixed railroad bridge, with a height of 22 ft vertical clearance above the water. The highway bridges have 23 ft and 25 ft vertical clearance.</p><br>
<p>The name Canoe Place comes from the Indian word "Niamuck" which described a canoe portage from the north bay "Peconic" to the south bay "Shinnecock" & vice versa. That they carried their canoes seems to indicate that there was no water connection between these two bodies of water. There is no evidence that the Montauketts or Shinnecocks dug a canal, together or separately. The 1918 construction on the canal was of "Tide Gates" & bulkeading, not "Locks" as are in place today. This did not alleviate the difference in the hydrographic elevation but sought to mitigate it. Another effect of this as found in the records of the New York State Salt Water Bays Commission was the water level of Shinnecock Bay was raised by one foot.</p><br>
<p>Washington Island is located about northeast of the tip of Door Peninsula in Door County, Wisconsin. The island has a year-round population of 708 people . It has a land area of 60.89 km²  and comprises over 92 percent of the land area of the town of Washington, as well as all of its population. The unincorporated community of Detroit Harbor is located on the island. It is the largest in a group of islands that includes Plum, Detroit, Hog, Pilot, Fish, and Rock Islands. These islands form the Town of Washington. A large part of Washington Island&#39;s economy is based on tourism.</p><br>
<p>Washington Island is approximately 5 mi wide by 6 mi long. Together with the Door Peninsula, Washington Island forms a treacherous strait that connects Green Bay to the rest of Lake Michigan. Early French explorers named this water way, now littered with shipwrecks, Porte des Morts, which literally means "Door of the Dead" or, more colloquially, "Death&#39;s Door", giving both Door County and Door Peninsula their names.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Washington Island is one of a string of islands (which are an outcropping of the Niagara Escarpment) stretching across the entrance of Green Bay from the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin to the Garden Peninsula in Michigan. Its earliest known name is "Wassekiganeso", an Ojibwa name that translates to "his breast is shining" and apparently refers to the glint of the sun that at times reflects off the limestone cliffs.</p><br>
<p>The earliest records and maps of the French, with whom written history of the region begins, do not name the individual islands, but refer to them all as a group. The names chosen depended on which group of Native Americans they found on the islands at the time. The most common name from after 1650 to 1816 was the Potawatomi Islands (various spellings exist). The Potawatomi appear to have first come to especially the southern islands in the string about 1641 (at which time they may figure into the naming of Porte des Morts), then left the area for a while, and then returned again and remained there for a considerable length of time. The French form of this name (also variously spelled) is lIsle des Poux, based on a shortened form of the tribes name. This shortened form also appears as "Pous" and is at times erroneously confused with Puans, which refers to the Winnebago. At times the French used the latter portion of the tribe&#39;s name, "Pou_a louse", resulting in Louse Islands.</p><br>
<p>Before 1800, however, a few other names were applied to these islands. The Jesuit Records of 1670-1672 refer to them as the Huron Islands. Other records of the time refer to them as the Noquet Islands, named for the small band of Ojibwa that lived in the area of what is now called Big Bay de Noc, as well as, for a time, on Washington Island. Jonathan Carver, who traveled the area in the late 18th century, called them, simply, the Islands of the Grand Traverse.</p><br>
<p>In July 1816, Col. John Miller was in charge of garrisoning a new fort at the head of Green Bay to be called Fort Howard. A small fleet of three schooners and one sloop sailed from Mackinac. They were the sloop Amelia and the schooners Wayne, Mink, and Washington, the last being the largest and flagship of the fleet, as well as, reportedly, the largest vessel on the lakes at the time. The fleet was separated en route, and the Washington anchored in what is now Washington Harbor to wait for the others. With two days of waiting, some of the crew did some exploring on the island, and the officers, assuming theirs was the first ship to anchor there, named the harbor after the ship and in honor of President Washington, who had recently died. They also began naming the various islands in the area after significant members of their party, with the name of Col. John Miller being honored on the largest island as Millers Island. Other members of the party included Maj. Talbot Chambers, John O&#39;Fallon, and Joseph Kean. Chambers Island retains its name today, while Keans Island and Fallons Island are now called Rock and Detroit Islands, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Not every map maker or journalist, however, knew of or paid attention to this. The names of Potawatomi and Louse continued to be used by many for many years (with a continued variety of spellings). At times Potawatomi was applied to the main island; sometimes to what is now Rock Island. At times the main island is totally missing from the map. When the lighthouse was built on Rock Island, it was called Pottawatomie Light, the name it has retained. While a few maps did chart either ellens or Mellens Island (a possible corruption of Miller), the settlement of the island began with the fishers and craftsmen living around Washington Harbor. A large non-Native American presence really didn&#39;t begin until the 1830s, when settlers on their way to Green Bay heard of larger-than-usual sized trouts. Most of these settlers were Icelandic and Irish. These commonly called the whole island by the name of their harbor and in the census of 1850, "Washington Island" appears. After that, both Potawatomi Islands, and Potawatomi Island soon fell out of use.</p><br>
<p>Most of the people who settled on the island were Scandinavian immigrants, especially Icelanders. Today, Washington Island is one of the oldest Icelandic communities in the United States and among the largest outside Iceland itself.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Washington Island is served by two ferry routes. The first route is to take a 30-minute ferry ride from the Door Peninsula to Detroit Harbor on the island from a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs daily from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of Wisconsin Highway 42. The second route is a passenger-only ferry that departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock on a 20-minute route, which includes an optional bundled narrated train tour upon arriving on Washington Island.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Island Airport, a small public airport with two grass runways, is located on the island.</p><br>
<p>Deas Island is an island in the south arm of the Fraser River between Delta, British Columbia and Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. The island is home to a regional park approximately 300 acre in size. It is home to three historic buildings; Burrvilla, a stately Victorian home, Inverholme, a one-room schoolhouse, and the Delta Agricultural Hall.</p><br>
<p>The island is also home to many types of birds and is a popular bird watching destination.</p><br>
<p>The island is notable for being the site of the southern end of the George Massey Tunnel (originally the Deas Island Tunnel). The tunnel is part of Highway 99 and connects Delta to Richmond. The tunnel goes from Deas Island to Lulu Island (Richmond) to the north. There is a small bridge that completes the connection between Deas Island and the main part of Delta.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The island was named for John Sullivan Deas, a black tinsmith who established a cannery on the island in 1873. His was the leading cannery on the Fraser River until 1878, at which point growing competition encouraged Deas to sell.</p><br>
